rython

Compile Python to native Rust with the rython toolchain (rythonc/rypip): single files, packages, no_std embedded targets, PyO3 bindings, userspace drivers, and Linux kernel modules — output verified byte-identical to CPython.

Rython: Python → Rust compilation

Convert Python source to native Rust using the rython toolchain. The point of the exercise is that the user writes Python and the tool does the rest — keep all logic in .py, treat generated Rust as a build artifact, never hand-write Rust glue when a rython flag exists. Minimal non-Python code shipped.

Toolchain

• Binaries: rythonc and rypip (v1.1.0) installed at ~/.cargo/bin
• Source: /home/tserica/rython (workspace: python-ast, python-mod, rypip, rythonc, stdpython, rykernel-shim)
• Reference driver project: /home/tserica/rython-kmod (Python driver + generated kernel module, see below)
• Published on crates.io: stdpython 1.1.0, rypip 1.1.0, python-ast 1.1.0
• rython docs: /home/tserica/rython/README.md (full compatibility list; check it before promising features)

Commands (all verified)

bash

# Single file → Rust source
rythonc input.py -o output.rs            # -p pretty, -n nostd, -a ast-only, -s symbols-only

# Package/file → Rust crate (lib; top-level code becomes __module_init__)
rypip convert path/to/package -o my-crate

# → runnable binary: put code under `if __name__ == "__main__":` — generates fn main + bin
# → PyO3 bindings (importable from Python, adds `python` cargo feature + cdylib)
rypip convert pkg -o crate --pyo3
# → no_std (core+alloc only, embedded/wasm; OS-needing constructs fail loudly)
rypip convert pkg -o crate --no-std
# → Linux kernel module crate (cdylib, panic=abort, printk lowering, no stdpython)
rypip convert pkg -o kernel --kernel-module
# → rust-for-linux module!-macro crate (requires --kernel-module, RFL toolchain)
rypip convert pkg -o kernel --kernel-module --rust-for-linux
# → userspace driver crate for a rython byte-ring misc device (logic lib + syscall glue)
rypip convert driver.py -o driver --driver

rypip build pkg    # convert + compile (release)
rypip install pkg  # build + install to ~/.cargo/bin

Lossy-conversion warnings: -W warn (default; bakes #[deprecated] notes into generated code), -W deny (fail), -W allow.

The compatibility boundary (enforced loudly)

A program either converts and behaves like CPython, or conversion fails with a message naming exactly what is unsupported. Nothing silently diverges. Pinned against CPython: str(1e16) == 1e+16, hash() matches PYTHONHASHSEED=0, float repr, sort stability, exception messages.

Supported: annotated functions, struct-based classes, try/except/finally, loop else, comprehensions, f-strings + literal-template str.format, keyword args/defaults, core builtins (print len range open sorted min max enumerate map filter zip sum pow repr hash isinstance), string/list/dict/set methods, with open(...), functools.partial/lru_cache/cache (exact LRU), conversion-time argparse, and stdlib: math random os sys json re datetime time itertools functools heapq copy textwrap hashlib csv collections pathlib glob subprocess tempfile.

Gaps: int is fixed i64 (no bignum), variables keep one type, no heterogeneous containers, no generators/yield, async/await, eval/exec, *args/**kwargs, multiple inheritance, or dunder protocols.

When conversion or build fails: refactor the Python, never the generated Rust. The error is the tool telling you the surface boundary. Fix the .py and regenerate.

Verified pitfalls (hit these so you don't have to)

1. sum(range(n)) → compile error PyRange: PySum<_>. Use an explicit total = total + i loop with total: int = 0.
2. str += accumulation in a loop → generated type mismatch (&str vs String, E0308). Use lines = [] + lines.append(...) + "\n".join(lines).
3. Top-level statements without a __main__ block → lib-only crate (__module_init__, no binary, cargo run fails). For a runnable program wrap entry logic in if __name__ == "__main__": → generates fn main.
4. Generated Cargo.toml pins stdpython = { path = "/home/tserica/rython/crates/stdpython" } — fine on this machine; for a portable/publishable crate swap to version = "1.1.0" or pass --stdpython <path> / RYPIP_STDPYTHON_PATH.
5. Kernels: Python can't run in-kernel — rython AOT-compiles; the module is a dumb device, the compiled Python lives in user space (UIO pattern). --kernel-module needs kernel build headers (make -C kernel); --rust-for-linux needs the RFL toolchain.

Standard workflow

1. Write/collect the .py (single source of truth; must also run under plain python3).
2. rypip convert <target> -o <out> (flags per target above); -W deny first if correctness-critical, then relax.
3. cd <out> && cargo build --release (or rypip build).
4. Verify: python3 input.py > py.out, run the compiled binary, diff — byte-identical is the bar. The rython test suite diffs generated binaries against python3 line-for-line; follow suit.
5. Fix failures by editing the .py and regenerating (never edit src/*.rs by hand).

Kernel driver workflow (rython-kmod)

/home/tserica/rython-kmod: driver.py is the single source of truth — driver logic + manifest constants consumed by codegen:

• Driver manifest: __device_path__, __ioc_reset__, __ioc_stats__
• Kernel manifest: __module_name__, __module_license__, __module_author__, __module_description__, __module_version__, __device_name__, __bufsz__, __magic__, __device_mode__

make targets: gen (regenerate driver/ + kernel/ from driver.py — both are uncommitted build artifacts), test (CPython tests), test-rust (cargo tests on generated crate), load/unload (insmod/rmmod), demo (drive /dev/rython0 with the compiled driver), udev.

When to use this skill

Trigger on: converting Python to Rust, "compile this .py", rython/rythonc/rypip tasks, Python drivers, kernel modules written in Python, no_std/embedded Python, PyO3 wrappers around Python logic. The skill exists so the toolchain facts above are never re-discovered from scratch.