Pubmed Verifier

Batch PubMed citation verifier — detect AI-fabricated references in one click. Five-state verdict: ✅ Correct / ⚠️ Mismatch / 🔶 Partial / ❌ Invalid / ❓ Unkno...

PubMed Citation Verifier v2.1

Five-state batch verification of PMID citations via PubMed E-utilities API, with SQLite caching, CSV support, and Crossref DOI verification.

Verdict Types

Icon	Verdict	Meaning
✅	Correct	PMID exists AND matches claimed paper (title + author/journal)
⚠️	Mismatch	PMID exists but points to a different paper (most common AI hallucination!)
🔶	Partial	Some metadata matches (e.g., author+journal match but title differs)
❌	Invalid	PMID not found in PubMed
❓	Unknown	Insufficient claimed metadata for cross-check

Quick Start

bash

# Verify all PMIDs in a project directory (auto-parses citation context)
python3 scripts/verify_pmids.py --source /path/to/project --output report.html

# Verify specific PMIDs
python3 verify_pmids.py --pmids 31018962,22213727

# Verify with explicit claimed metadata (JSON)
python3 verify_pmids.py --claims '[{"pmid":"34078778","title":"JIA pathogenesis","authors":["Zaripova"],"journal":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J","year":"2021"}]' --output report.html

# Verify with claims file (JSON or CSV)
python3 verify_pmids.py --claims-file claims.csv --suggest --output report.html

# Verify + DOI cross-check via Crossref
python3 verify_pmids.py --source /path/to/files --verify-doi --output report.html

# Full pipeline with all features
python3 verify_pmids.py --source /path/to/files --verify-doi --suggest --output report.html

What's New in v2.1

Feature	Description
SQLite Cache	Verified PMIDs cached locally at ~/.cache/pubmed-verifier/cache.db. 30-day default expiry. Re-runs on large projects take seconds instead of minutes.
CSV Claims	--claims-file now accepts .csv files in addition to JSON. Auto-detects format. Semicolon or pipe-delimited authors supported.
Crossref DOI	--verify-doi cross-references article DOIs via Crossref API for extra confidence.
Retry Logic	Automatic 3-retry with exponential backoff (1s→2s→4s) on transient API failures. Zero external dependencies.
Dual Fuzzy Matching	Title matching uses word-level Jaccard overlap (≥50%) + SequenceMatcher (≥90%) as supplementary.

How It Works

1. Extract PMIDs + Parse Citation Context

Scans files for common PMID patterns (PMID: 12345678, PubMed URLs, etc.).

Automatically parses surrounding citation text to extract claimed metadata:

• Author surnames (e.g., Ravelli A, Martini A → ["Ravelli", "Martini"])
• Paper title (between author and journal)
• Journal name (from <i>...</i> tags or position)
• Publication year (20xx / 19xx)

Supported file types: .html, .md, .txt, .json, .htm

2. Fetch PubMed Metadata (with Cache)

Each PMID queried via PubMed esummary API. Results cached in SQLite for 30 days (configurable via --cache-days). Use --no-cache to force fresh queries.

Batch requests (50/call, 0.4s delay, 3-retry with exponential backoff).

3. Cross-Check: Claimed vs Actual

Dual-strategy fuzzy matching:

• Primary: Word-level Jaccard overlap ≥ 50% (handles word reordering, abbreviation expansion)
• Supplementary: SequenceMatcher ratio ≥ 90% (catches edge cases)

Field	Match Logic
Title	Word overlap ≥ 50% OR SequenceMatcher ≥ 90%
Authors	≥1 surname hit for single author claim; ≥2 for multiple
Journal	Containment match (handles abbreviations)
Year	Exact match

Verdict determination:

• title_match AND (author_match OR journal_match) → ✅ Correct
• author_match AND journal_match AND NOT title_match → 🔶 Partial
• Otherwise → ⚠️ Mismatch

4. Crossref DOI Verification (Optional, --verify-doi)

For articles with DOIs, queries Crossref API to cross-verify title/journal/year as an independent data source.

5. Auto-Suggest (Optional, --suggest)

For mismatches, searches PubMed using claimed metadata to suggest correct PMIDs (top 3 candidates).

6. Topic Relevance (Optional, --match-keywords)

⚠️ Note: This checks topic relevance only (via filename keywords), NOT PMID correctness. Auxiliary screening tool.

7. Report Output

Format	Flag	Use case
HTML	--output report.html	Visual review with claimed vs actual comparison, verdict column
JSON	--output report.json	Programmatic processing
Text	default (no --output)	Quick terminal review

Using --claims / --claims-file

When you have explicit claimed metadata (e.g., from AI-generated documents):

JSON array format:

json

[
  {
    "pmid": "34078778",
    "title": "Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: from pathogenesis to clinical practice",
    "authors": ["Zaripova LN", "Midgley A", "Beresford MW"],
    "journal": "Pediatr Rheumatol Online J",
    "year": "2021"
  }
]

CSV format (claims.csv):

csv

pmid,title,authors,journal,year
34078778,JIA pathogenesis,Zaripova LN;Midgley A,Pediatr Rheumatol Online J,2021
31018962,FMF classification criteria,Lidar M|Lancet,,2014

CLI Reference

text

python3 scripts/verify_pmids.py [OPTIONS]

Options:
  --source PATH        File or directory to scan for PMIDs
  --pmids P1,P2,...    Comma-separated PMIDs to verify directly
  --claims JSON        JSON string with claimed metadata
  --claims-file FILE   JSON or CSV file with claimed metadata
  --verify-doi         Also verify DOIs via Crossref
  --suggest            Auto-suggest correct PMIDs for mismatches
  --match-keywords     Check topic relevance (auxiliary)
  --threshold FLOAT    Keyword match threshold (default: 0.2)
  --no-cache           Disable cache, always query API
  --cache-days N       Cache validity in days (default: 30)
  --output FILE        Output file (.json or .html)
  --format FORMAT      Output format: json|html|text (default: text)

Fixing Mismatched/Invalid PMIDs

1. Check the report's "Suggested" column (if using --suggest)
2. Use PubMed search to find the correct article:

   python

   from scripts.verify_pmids import search_pubmed
   results = search_pubmed('Ravelli[au] AND juvenile idiopathic arthritis AND Lancet[jour]')
   for r in results: print(r["pmid"], r.get("title",""))
   

3. Verify the replacement and update the source file

API Limits

• No API key required (public E-utilities)
• 3 requests/second without API key
• Script enforces 0.4s delay between batches, 3-retry with backoff
• Batch size: 50 PMIDs per request
• Cache reduces repeated API calls significantly

Performance

Scenario	First run	Cached run
225 PMIDs (MedWiki-Rheum)	~7 min	~5 sec
Single PMID	~2s	~1.4s

Files

File	Purpose
scripts/verify_pmids.py	Main verification script (v2.1, 1058 lines, zero external dependencies)
references/api_examples.md	PubMed E-utilities API examples