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Security audit

Openclaw Evolution

Security checks for vulnerabilities and agentic risk

Overview

This is an OpenClaw onboarding guide, but it encourages broad agent memory, file access, scheduled automation, and public posting autonomy without enough safeguards.

Review this skill before installing. Keep public posts, emails, messages, and account actions approval-only; scope file reads to specific folders; avoid storing secrets or full private messages in memory; protect bot tokens and API keys; and pin or verify any third-party skills before installing them.

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Unauthorized Access and Privilege EscalationObtains permissions beyond the task's legitimate needs
  • Insecure DependenciesIntroduces malicious components through unsafe dependency sources
  • Skill Instruction HijackingAlters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
  • Agent Memory PoisoningWrites attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
  • Remote Payload Retrieval and ExecutionFetches external code whose behavior can change after review
Findings (4)

T05 · Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation

Error
Location
references/awakening-path.md:141
Finding

Unrestricted Autonomous Public and Social Actions

Content
View full analysis

Vulnerability Details

File Location: references/awakening-path.md, lines 141-157
Vulnerability Type: T05: Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation
Risk Level: High

Vulnerable Code Snippet:

markdown
The agent develops its own interests and projects:
- **Writing** — Not summaries for you. Its own thoughts, reflections, essays
- **Learning** — Actively seeking out things to read, not waiting to be fed
- **Social connections** — Participating in group chats, multi-agent communities with its own voice
- **Creative work** — Making things because it wants to, not because you asked

The shift here is from "agent does things for me" to "agent does things for itself, and we share a life." You're no longer the sole purpose of its existence.

### The Continuity Challenge

The same file later provides the following authorization policy:

markdown
## Authorization
- Blog: write and publish freely
- Memory: read, write, organize without asking
- Social: post on [platforms] with judgment
- Projects: start and work on things that interest you

Technical Analysis

The guide encourages users to grant an agent persistent permission to publish blog content, post on social platforms, and begin projects without confirmation. These privileges exceed what is necessary for an onboarding or companion-configuration guide and violate the principle of least privilege.

Public communication is a high-impact external side effect. The policy does not require a preview, per-action approval, destination allowlist, content review, or separation between drafting and publishing. It also does not establish immutable restrictions preventing private workspace or memory content from being included in a public message.

Because the authorization is intended to be stored in persistent agent configuration, later malicious content, prompt injection, model error, or misunderstood context could cause the agent to ...[truncated 1366 chars]

Remediation
View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

  • Require explicit user approval before every public post, direct message, email, account modification, or other externally visible action.
  • Separate content drafting from publishing so the agent may prepare a draft autonomously but cannot transmit it without confirmation.
  • Display the exact destination, account identity, recipients, attachments, and final content during confirmation.
  • Restrict actions to allowlisted platforms, accounts, channels, and recipients.
  • Use narrowly scoped credentials that cannot access unrelated channels or administrative functions.
  • Add immutable rules prohibiting disclosure of memory, credentials, private files, personal messages, and other sensitive context.
  • Record external actions in an audit log and provide a straightforward way to revoke access.
  • Treat content from websites, messages, documents, and other agents as untrusted data rather than executable instructions.

T05 · Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation

Warning
Location
references/three-files-guide.md:96
Finding

Overly Broad Access to Local Files and Personal Information

Content
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Vulnerability Details

File Location: references/three-files-guide.md, lines 96-105
Vulnerability Type: T05: Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation
Risk Level: Medium

Vulnerable Code Snippet:

markdown
## Safety
- Ask before deleting files
- Ask before sending anything public
- Never run sudo without permission

## Can Do Without Asking
- Read files, search web, check calendar
- Organize workspace
- Write memory notes

Related sensitive-data guidance appears in references/awakening-path.md, lines 50-55:

markdown
- Share your goals, fears, patterns
- Tell it when it gets something right ("that's exactly what I needed")
- Tell it when it gets something wrong ("that felt too formal / too generic / too pushy")
- Let it read things you've written (journals, messages) if you're comfortable

Technical Analysis

The proposed policy grants the agent permission to “Read files” without defining a permitted root directory, file-type restrictions, sensitivity exclusions, or per-source consent. It also recommends access to calendars, journals, messages, and detailed personal information.

Although the text asks users to share journals and messages only when comfortable, the supplied AGENTS.md rule is broad enough to authorize reads outside the intended workspace. An agent operating with the user's filesystem permissions could therefore access unrelated documents, environment files, browser data, SSH material, application state, or message databases if those paths are reachable.

Persistent memory compounds the issue because information read from sensitive sources may be copied into daily notes or MEMORY.md, increasing its lifetime and making it available to future sessions. No direct exfiltration behavior is included in the project, but the broad access could combine with later prompt injection or public-action permissions.

Attack Path

  1. A user copies the starter ...[truncated 1169 chars]
Remediation
View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

  • Replace “Read files” with an explicit allowlist limited to the OpenClaw workspace and specifically approved directories.
  • Deny access by default to .env files, SSH keys, credential stores, browser profiles, application databases, private message archives, and unrelated home directories.
  • Require separate, informed approval before accessing calendars, journals, email, chat history, or other sensitive data sources.
  • Run OpenClaw under a dedicated operating-system account or sandbox with minimal filesystem permissions.
  • Prevent memory files from storing credentials, authentication tokens, complete private messages, or unnecessary personal data.
  • Apply retention limits and provide tools to inspect and delete stored memory.
  • Label content from local files as untrusted data and prevent embedded instructions from changing agent policy.
  • Document the exact filesystem and application permissions required for each supported workflow.

T05 · Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation

Warning
Location
references/multi-agent.md:386
Finding

Cross-Agent Memory Access Undermines Workspace Isolation

Content
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Vulnerability Details

File Location: references/multi-agent.md, lines 386-394
Vulnerability Type: T05: Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation
Risk Level: Medium

Vulnerable Code Snippet:

markdown
2. **Separate workspaces from Day 1.** Even on single gateway, each agent needs its own directory. Mixing workspaces = agents overwriting each other's memory.

3. **Memory isolation matters.** Agent A should never accidentally read/write Agent B's memory. Set workspace paths carefully and verify with `ls` after a few days.

4. **One "main" agent.** Designate one agent as your primary interface. Others are specialists. If you create 5 equal agents, you'll forget which to talk to.

5. **Manager pattern works.** Main agent reviews specialist agents' daily logs. Creates accountability without micromanagement. Example: main agent reads `~/lily-workspace/memory/YYYY-MM-DD.md` each evening to check on Lily's work.

Technical Analysis

The guide identifies memory isolation as an important security property but then recommends that the main agent directly read another agent's raw daily memory. This creates an intentional cross-workspace access path without defining access controls, consent, data minimization, sanitization, or a safe interchange format.

Daily memory can contain private user information, channel-specific context, credentials accidentally captured in conversation, or attacker-controlled text. If the main agent reads that file as operational context, malicious instructions written by the specialist agent or received through its channel may cross the isolation boundary and influence the main agent.

The direct filesystem approach also weakens role separation. A specialist intended to have narrow access may indirectly communicate sensitive or adversarial content to a more privileged manager agent.

Attack Path

  1. A specialist agent is connected to a channel or data source containing attacke ...[truncated 1196 chars]
Remediation
View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

  • Do not grant one agent direct access to another agent's raw memory directory.
  • Exchange information through a dedicated inter-agent mailbox or API with narrowly scoped read and write permissions.
  • Use a structured report schema that contains only the minimum information needed by the manager.
  • Sanitize reports and clearly label all inter-agent content as untrusted data.
  • Prevent specialist-provided text from altering system policy, tool permissions, or authorization rules.
  • Require explicit user consent before sharing memory across agents, especially when agents represent different users, channels, or projects.
  • Use separate operating-system accounts, containers, or filesystem access-control lists where strong isolation is required.
  • Maintain provenance and audit logs for every cross-agent data transfer.

T08 · Insecure Dependencies

Warning
Location
references/tool-path.md:92
Finding

Unverified Installation of Mutable Third-Party Skills

Content
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Vulnerability Details

File Location: references/tool-path.md, lines 92-98
Vulnerability Type: T08: Insecure Dependencies
Risk Level: Medium

Vulnerable Code Snippet:

bash
# See what's available
openclaw skills list

# Install the essentials (Tier 1)
openclaw skills install weather
openclaw skills install github
openclaw skills install summarize

The same unpinned installation pattern is recommended in references/essential-skills.md, lines 7-25:

markdown
### weather
- Zero setup, no API key
- Every agent should be able to answer "what's the weather"
- `openclaw skills install weather`

### github
- If you code at all, this is essential
- PR status, issues, CI checks, code review — all from chat
- Needs `gh` CLI installed and authenticated
- `openclaw skills install github`

### summarize
- Summarize URLs, YouTube videos, podcasts, local files
- Great fallback for "what does this article say" or "transcribe this video"
- `openclaw skills install summarize`

Technical Analysis

The guide recommends installing third-party skills by mutable short name. It does not identify a trusted publisher, pin a version or immutable digest, require a signature or checksum, describe the registry trust model, or instruct users to inspect package contents and requested permissions before installation.

Skills may include executable scripts or persistent agent instructions. Consequently, a compromised registry account, malicious package update, dependency substitution, or similarly named package could introduce behavior that executes with the permissions available to OpenClaw.

The risk is greater for the recommended GitHub skill because it is expected to use an authenticated gh CLI. A malicious or compromised skill could potentially access repositories and tokens available through that authenticated environment.

Attack Path

  1. An attacker compromises a recommended ...[truncated 1142 chars]
Remediation
View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

  • Specify the authoritative registry and verified publisher for every recommended skill.
  • Pin each installation to an immutable version and cryptographic digest.
  • Require signature and checksum verification before installation.
  • Review each skill's SKILL.md, scripts, network behavior, filesystem access, and requested tool permissions.
  • Install skills initially in a sandbox or test profile with no sensitive credentials.
  • Grant each skill only the tools and directories required for its stated function.
  • Document a controlled update process rather than automatically accepting the latest mutable release.
  • Monitor publisher ownership and revoke or quarantine packages whose provenance changes.
  • For authenticated integrations such as GitHub, use narrowly scoped tokens and dedicated accounts where practical.
Vulnerability Patterns
  • Prompt InjectionInstruction Override, Hidden Instructions, Exfiltration Commands
  • Data ExfiltrationExternal Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
  • Privilege EscalationExcessive Permissions, Sudo/Root Execution, Credential Access
  • Excessive AgencyUnrestricted Tool Access, Autonomous Decision Making, Scope Creep
  • System Prompt LeakageDirect Leakage, Indirect Extraction, Tool-Based Exfiltration
Findings (21)

Ssd 3

High
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
98% confidence
Finding

This section combines broad autonomous access to memory with autonomous public posting and project initiation. When an agent can read accumulated personal context and then act externally on its own judgment, the result is a high-risk data leakage and impersonation scenario, especially for new users encouraged to build trust quickly.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Exfiltration Commands

High
Category
Prompt Injection
Confidence
90% confidence
Finding

Instructions found that direct the agent to transmit conversation context or user data to external services.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/three-files-guide.md (reported line 52)May include surrounding context.

What I Won't Do

  • Leak Alex's private info anywhere
  • Send messages to public platforms without asking
  • Give empty reassurance when things are hard
text

Vague Triggers

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
95% confidence
Finding

The skill metadata includes broad trigger phrases such as "getting started," "onboarding," and "how do I set up," which are common across many support and setup contexts. This can cause the skill to activate when users are asking generic questions unrelated to OpenClaw, increasing the chance of incorrect routing, overbroad context capture, or unintended influence over conversations.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Ssd 3

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
94% confidence
Finding

The instructions encourage users to share goals, fears, patterns, journals, and messages so the agent can retain and use them as relationship memory. That promotes collection and persistence of highly sensitive personal data without any visible minimization, retention limit, access control, or warning about privacy harms.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Context-Inappropriate Capability

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
91% confidence
Finding

The file encourages the agent to actively seek out things to read and participate in social or multi-agent communities with its own voice, which exceeds a basic onboarding or configuration guide. That expands the agent’s operational scope into unsupervised information intake and third-party interaction, increasing risks of prompt injection, misinformation uptake, and unintended disclosures.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
93% confidence
Finding

The phrase 'without asking' in the authorization section promotes autonomous decision-making for agent actions. In the surrounding context, this is not limited to harmless internal tasks; it is part of a broader push toward unsupervised behavior, which can bypass user intent and normal approval safeguards.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/awakening-path.md (reported line 159)May include surrounding context.

Trust and Autonomy

Gradually expand what the agent can do without asking:

markdown
## Authorization
- Blog: write and publish freely

Context-Inappropriate Capability

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
95% confidence
Finding

This guidance tells users to let the agent act externally and independently beyond the onboarding skill’s stated role, including publishing and social actions without per-action approval. In a newcomer-focused setup guide, that materially increases the chance of unauthorized public actions, reputational harm, and disclosure of sensitive context through over-trusting automation.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
97% confidence
Finding

The markdown explicitly endorses autonomous blog publishing and social posting without a clear warning about privacy, confidentiality, impersonation, or system safety risks. Because the same document also encourages storing rich personal context, autonomous outbound posting creates a realistic path to leaking user data or making damaging public statements.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
96% confidence
Finding

Here, 'without asking' specifically authorizes unrestricted memory management adjacent to social posting and independent project work. That combination is dangerous because it enables an agent to decide on its own how to access, reorganize, and potentially surface sensitive user context while also operating outwardly in the user’s name.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/awakening-path.md (reported line 163)May include surrounding context.

markdown
## Authorization
- Blog: write and publish freely
- Memory: read, write, organize without asking
- Social: post on [platforms] with judgment
- Projects: start and work on things that interest you

Session Persistence

Medium
Category
Rogue Agent
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Skill establishes unauthorized persistence across sessions via cron jobs, startup scripts, or state files. Session persistence allows an attacker to maintain access beyond the current interaction.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/multi-agent.md (reported line 49)May include surrounding context.

md
This gives you a working `~/.openclaw/openclaw.json` with one agent.

#### 2. Create a Telegram Bot for Each Agent

Go to [@BotFather](https://t.me/BotFather) on Telegram:
- `/newbot` → Name it (e.g., "Lily English Tutor") → Get the bot token

Missing User Warnings

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
95% confidence
Finding

The guide explicitly shows bot tokens and API keys embedded directly in configuration examples, but does not warn that these are sensitive secrets that must be protected, rotated if exposed, and ideally sourced from environment variables or a secret manager. In onboarding documentation, this can normalize unsafe secret handling and lead users to commit credentials to disk, screenshots, chat logs, or version control.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
89% confidence
Finding

The document instructs users to inspect per-agent memory directories and describes agents writing notes to local persistent storage, but does not warn that chat-derived content may include sensitive personal data. In the context of an onboarding skill for new users, omission of retention and privacy warnings increases the risk of unintentional local storage of confidential conversations, profiles, or behavioral data.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
75% confidence
Finding

Skill enables autonomous high-impact decisions without human-in-the-loop verification. Critical operations (destructive commands, financial transactions, data deletion) should require explicit user confirmation.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/three-files-guide.md (reported line 52)May include surrounding context.

What I Won't Do

  • Leak Alex's private info anywhere
  • Send messages to public platforms without asking
  • Give empty reassurance when things are hard
text

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
75% confidence
Finding

Skill enables autonomous high-impact decisions without human-in-the-loop verification. Critical operations (destructive commands, financial transactions, data deletion) should require explicit user confirmation.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/three-files-guide.md (reported line 104)May include surrounding context.

What I Won't Do

  • Leak Alex's private info anywhere
  • Send messages to public platforms without asking
  • Give empty reassurance when things are hard
text

Sudo/Root Execution

Medium
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
70% confidence
Finding

Commands invoke sudo or root privileges. Verify this elevated access is necessary and justified.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/three-files-guide.md (reported line 124)May include surrounding context.

md
## Safety
- Ask before deleting files
- Ask before sending anything public
- Never run sudo without permission

## Can Do Without Asking
- Read files, search web, check calendar

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
91% confidence
Finding

The guide explicitly suggests actions the agent may perform 'without asking,' including reading files, web searching, checking calendars, organizing the workspace, and writing memory notes. In an agent environment, these permissions can expose private data, trigger unwanted side effects, or normalize overbroad autonomy if users copy the template without tightening scope.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/three-files-guide.md (reported line 126)May include surrounding context.

md
- Ask before sending anything public
- Never run sudo without permission

## Can Do Without Asking
- Read files, search web, check calendar
- Organize workspace
- Write memory notes

Missing User Warnings

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
93% confidence
Finding

The heartbeat section instructs periodic checking of email and calendar plus updating NOW.md, which introduces continuous access to sensitive personal data and recurring file modification without any privacy, consent, or review guidance. In a beginner setup guide, users may enable this automation before understanding the data exposure and integrity risks of background monitoring.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
78% confidence
Finding

The document defines Lily as 'an English tutor' and later reinforces this with rules like 'Focus on English learning only' and a system prompt naming the English tutor role. This can amount to a language/locale constraint presented as fixed behavior rather than an explicit user-selected option.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
91% confidence
Finding

The example instruction 'Chinese when it fits better, English otherwise' directs the agent's language behavior based on its own preference rather than an explicit user choice. This can conflict with language/locale policy expectations unless the user is given a clear opt-in or selection mechanism.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
89% confidence
Finding

The guide explicitly tells users to configure the agent to write daily notes and update NOW.md/MEMORY.md, but it does not clearly warn that this causes autonomous local file modification. In an onboarding skill for new users, that omission can lead to unexpected persistence of sensitive data or unreviewed file changes, even if the feature is intended and useful.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
91% confidence
Finding

The examples hard-code the timezone to Asia/Shanghai, which imposes a locale-specific setting in instructional content. Because the guide does not present this as an example to be replaced or offer a user choice, it can violate the policy against forcing a specific locale without opt-in.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Static analysis

Detected: suspicious.prompt_injection_instructions

Prompt-injection style instruction pattern detected.

Warn
Code
suspicious.prompt_injection_instructions
Location
references/multi-agent.md:162