Excalidraw

Hand-drawn Excalidraw JSON diagrams — architecture, flow, sequence. Generate clean, well-laid-out charts with consistent box sizing, meaningful colors, and zero line crossings.

Excalidraw Diagram Skill

Create .excalidraw files that can be drag-dropped onto excalidraw.com or shared via URL. No account, no API keys, just JSON.

When to use

Architecture diagrams, flowcharts, sequence diagrams, concept maps, process maps — any visual you want to communicate clearly.

Workflow

1. Load this skill (you already did)
2. Design the layout (read the Layout Rules section first — this is where most bad diagrams fail)
3. Write the elements JSON — follow the Layout Rules strictly
4. Pre-flight check — verify all box widths and arrow lengths against Rule 6 before saving
5. Save as .excalidraw via write_file
6. Upload for a shareable link via scripts/upload.py in terminal
7. Verify with screenshot — check for overflow issues, fix and re-upload if needed

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Layout Rules (MOST IMPORTANT SECTION)

Bad diagrams fail for 4 reasons: inconsistent box sizes, meaningless colors, crossing lines, disorganized arrangement. Fix all four with these rules:

Rule 1 — Use a Grid

Never place elements ad-hoc. Design on a virtual grid:

• Column width: 200–240px per logical column
• Row height: 100–120px per logical row
• Gap between boxes: minimum 30px horizontal, 25px vertical
• X positions: 0, 240, 480, 720, 960 (every 240px)
• Y positions: 0, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600 (every 120px)

Rule 2 — Consistent Box Sizing

All boxes in the same logical row or category MUST have identical dimensions. Use one size for all level-1 nodes, another for all level-2 nodes. Only vary size for intentional hierarchy.

Role	Width	Height
Level-1 node (main step)	200	70
Level-2 node (sub-step)	180	60
Title banner	400	50
Footer / badge	160	40

Rule 3 — Meaningful Color Coding

Colors must communicate semantics, not decorate. Pick ONE role per diagram:

Role A — Flow / Process (arrows show direction):

Meaning	Fill Color	Hex
Start / Input	Light Blue	#a5d8ff
Step / Action	Light Blue	#a5d8ff
Decision	Light Yellow	#fff3bf
Success / Output	Light Green	#b2f2bb
External / Pending	Light Orange	#ffd8a8
Error / Alert	Light Red	#ffc9c9

Role B — Layered Architecture (zones show grouping):

Meaning	Fill Color	Hex
UI / Frontend layer	Blue zone	#dbe4ff
Logic / Agent layer	Purple zone	#e5dbff
Data / Tool layer	Green zone	#d3f9d8

Role C — Comparison (side-by-side):

Meaning	Fill Color	Hex
This side	Light Blue	#a5d8ff
That side	Light Purple	#d0bfff

Pick ONE role per diagram. Do NOT mix Role A and Role B colors in the same diagram.

Rule 4 — No Crossing Lines

Arrows must never cross other content. Techniques:

• Sequential flow (left→right): all arrows point in one direction, use vertical spacing to separate rows
• Vertical stacking: if 3+ arrows would cross, stack them vertically with 15px gaps
• L-shapes: use points: [[0,0],[dx,0],[dx,dy]] to route around obstacles
• Start/end bindings: use startBinding/endBinding with fixedPoint so arrows snap to shape edges cleanly

Rule 5 — Meaningful Arrangement

Layout must match the conceptual model:

• Flowchart: strict left→right or top→bottom. No boxes above arrows.
• Layers: background zones drawn FIRST (behind everything), then nodes inside each zone
• Comparison: left vs right, never diagonal
• Title at top, footer/result at bottom

Rule 6 — Content Must Fit Inside Boxes

This is the #1 reason diagrams look broken after upload. Text that overflows its container makes the diagram unreadable. Prevent it with these rules:

Minimum box widths by text length (fontSize 16, Virgel font):

Characters in label	Minimum box width
1–8 chars	120 px
9–14 chars	160 px
15–20 chars	200 px
21–28 chars	240 px
29+ chars	split into two lines or reduce fontSize

Width formula: box_width >= text_length * 9.5 (at fontSize 16, Virgel = ~9.5px per character)

Arrow label width: The arrow must be at least label_chars * 9.5 + 40 px long to fit the label clearly. If the flow is too short, stack arrows vertically rather than making them short.

Text length hard limits:

• Box labels: max 28 characters per line. Use line1\nline2 for longer text (max 2 lines).
• Arrow labels: max 30 characters. Keep them short.
• Standalone text: no hard limit but prefer brevity.

What to check before saving:

1. Count the longest label in each row
2. Verify the box width >= that count × 9.5
3. Verify arrow length >= its label length × 9.5 + 40
4. If any box has width < 120px, widen it — no exceptions

Warning signs of overflow:

• Text looks squished or overlaps box edges → box too narrow
• Arrow label clips into the arrow line or bleeds outside → arrow too short
• Text trails off the right edge of a box → width is insufficient
• Multi-word label on one line but box is narrow → split with \n or widen box

---

Element Format Reference

Required Fields (all elements)

type, id (unique string), x, y, width, height

Defaults (applied automatically — skip these)

• strokeColor: "#1e1e1e"
• backgroundColor: "transparent"
• fillStyle: "solid"
• strokeWidth: 2
• roughness: 1 (hand-drawn look)
• opacity: 100

Element Types

Rectangle:

{ "type": "rectangle", "id": "r1", "x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 200, "height": 70 }

• roundness: { "type": 3 } for rounded corners
• backgroundColor: "#a5d8ff", fillStyle: "solid" for filled

Ellipse:

{ "type": "ellipse", "id": "e1", "x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 150, "height": 150 }

Diamond:

{ "type": "diamond", "id": "d1", "x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 150, "height": 150 }

Labeled shape (container binding) — do NOT use "label": { "text": "..." } on shapes:

{
  "type": "rectangle", "id": "r1", "x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 200, "height": 70,
  "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "backgroundColor": "#a5d8ff", "fillStyle": "solid",
  "boundElements": [{ "id": "t_r1", "type": "text" }]
},
{
  "type": "text", "id": "t_r1", "x": 105, "y": 118, "width": 190, "height": 25,
  "text": "Start", "fontSize": 18, "fontFamily": 1, "strokeColor": "#1e1e1e",
  "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle",
  "containerId": "r1", "originalText": "Start", "autoResize": true
}

• Works on rectangle, ellipse, diamond
• Text is auto-centered by Excalidraw when containerId is set
• The text x/y/width/height are approximate — Excalidraw recalculates them on load
• originalText must match text
• Always include fontFamily: 1 (Virgil/hand-drawn font)

Labeled arrow — same container binding approach:

{
  "type": "arrow", "id": "a1", "x": 300, "y": 135, "width": 200, "height": 0,
  "points": [[0,0],[200,0]], "endArrowhead": "arrow",
  "boundElements": [{ "id": "t_a1", "type": "text" }]
},
{
  "type": "text", "id": "t_a1", "x": 370, "y": 118, "width": 60, "height": 25,
  "text": "goes to", "fontSize": 14, "fontFamily": 1, "strokeColor": "#1e1e1e",
  "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle",
  "containerId": "a1", "originalText": "goes to", "autoResize": true
}

Standalone text (titles and annotations only — no container):

{
  "type": "text", "id": "t1", "x": 150, "y": 138, "text": "Hello",
  "fontSize": 24, "fontFamily": 1, "strokeColor": "#1e1e1e",
  "originalText": "Hello", "autoResize": true
}

• x is the LEFT edge
• Do NOT rely on textAlign or width for positioning

Arrow:

{
  "type": "arrow", "id": "a1", "x": 300, "y": 135, "width": 200, "height": 0,
  "points": [[0,0],[200,0]], "endArrowhead": "arrow"
}

• points: [dx, dy] offsets from element x, y
• endArrowhead: null | "arrow" | "bar" | "dot" | "triangle"
• strokeStyle: "solid" (default) | "dashed" | "dotted"

Arrow Bindings

{
  "type": "arrow", "id": "a1", "x": 300, "y": 135, "width": 150, "height": 0,
  "points": [[0,0],[150,0]], "endArrowhead": "arrow",
  "startBinding": { "elementId": "r1", "fixedPoint": [1, 0.5] },
  "endBinding": { "elementId": "r2", "fixedPoint": [0, 0.5] }
}

fixedPoint coordinates: top=[0.5,0], bottom=[0.5,1], left=[0,0.5], right=[1,0.5]

Drawing Order (z-order)

Array order = z-order (first = back, last = front). Emit progressively: background zones → shape → its bound text → its arrows → next shape.

• BAD: all rectangles, then all texts, then all arrows
• GOOD: bg_zone → shape1 → text_for_shape1 → arrow1 → shape2 → text_for_shape2 → ...
• Always place the bound text element immediately after its container shape

Sizing Guidelines

Font sizes:

• fontSize: 20 for titles and headings
• fontSize: 16 for body text, labels, descriptions
• fontSize: 14 for secondary annotations only (sparingly)
• NEVER use fontSize below 14

Element sizes:

• Minimum shape size: 120x60 for labeled rectangles/ellipses
• Leave 20-30px gaps between elements minimum
• Prefer fewer, larger elements over many tiny ones

MANDATORY: Pre-check text fit before finalizing

1. List every box's label text and count characters
2. Apply the Rule 6 minimum-width table — if any box is narrower than required, widen it first
3. For every arrow with a label, verify arrow width >= label_chars × 9.5 + 40
4. If text in a box feels even slightly cramped, add 20px of extra width

---

Color Palette

Pastel Fills (for shape backgrounds)

Use	Fill Color	Hex
Primary / Input	Light Blue	#a5d8ff
Success / Output	Light Green	#b2f2bb
Warning / External	Light Orange	#ffd8a8
Processing / Special	Light Purple	#d0bfff
Error / Critical	Light Red	#ffc9c9
Notes / Decisions	Light Yellow	#fff3bf
Storage / Data	Light Teal	#c3fae8
Analytics	Light Pink	#eebefa

Background Zones (opacity 30-35 for layered diagrams)

Use	Fill Color	Hex
UI / Frontend layer	Blue zone	#dbe4ff
Logic / Agent layer	Purple zone	#e5dbff
Data / Tool layer	Green zone	#d3f9d8

Text Contrast Rules

• On white backgrounds: minimum text color is #757575. Default #1e1e1e is best.
• Colored text on light fills: use dark variants (#15803d not #22c55e, #2563eb not #4a9eed)
• White text: only on dark backgrounds (#9a5030 not #c4795b)
• Never: light gray (#b0b0b0, #999) on white — unreadable

---

Saving & Uploading

Saving a Diagram

{
  "type": "excalidraw",
  "version": 2,
  "source": "hermes-agent",
  "elements": [ ...elements... ],
  "appState": { "viewBackgroundColor": "#ffffff" }
}

Save with write_file to any path, e.g. ~/diagrams/my_diagram.excalidraw.

Uploading for a Shareable Link

python ~/.hermes/skills/creative/excalidraw/scripts/upload.py ~/diagrams/my_diagram.excalidraw

This encrypts client-side (AES-GCM), embeds the key in the URL fragment, and uploads to excalidraw.com. Each upload gets a unique URL — avoids the "file already exists" confirmation prompt. No account needed.

Requires: pip install cryptography

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Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. TEXT OVERFLOWS THE BOX (the most common failure mode):

   • Causes: box too narrow for its label, arrow too short for its label, multi-line text crammed into one line
   • Symptom: text bleeds outside box edges, labels get clipped, arrows show "..." inside them
   • Fix: always use the Rule 6 minimum-width table to pre-calculate box widths. Make arrows at least label_chars × 9.5 + 40 px long
   • Rule of thumb: if text feels "tight", the box is too small — add 40px of breathing room

2. Do NOT use "label" on shapes — this is NOT a valid Excalidraw property. It will be silently ignored, producing blank shapes. Always use container binding (containerId + boundElements).

3. Every bound text needs both sides linked — the shape needs boundElements: [{"id": "t_xxx", "type": "text"}] AND the text needs containerId: "shape_id".

4. Elements overlap when y-coordinates are close — always check that text, boxes, and labels don't stack on top of each other.

5. Arrow labels overflow short arrows — keep labels short or make arrows wider.

6. Center titles relative to the diagram — estimate total width and center the title text over it.

7. Draw decorations LAST — sun, stars, icons should appear at the end of the array so they're on top.

8. Color without meaning — every color choice must map to a concept in the diagram. Random color assignment is noise.

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Verify with Screenshot (Required Step)

After uploading, always verify the result with a real screenshot. This catches layout problems that JSON inspection can't.

Option A — PinchTab (preferred, uses your real Chrome)

Requires PinchTab Chrome extension installed:

# 1. Navigate to the Excalidraw URL
curl -X POST http://localhost:9867/navigate \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"url": "https://excalidraw.com/#json=<FILE_ID>,<KEY>"}'

# 2. Wait for render
sleep 4

# 3. Screenshot
curl -X POST http://localhost:9867/screenshot \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"format": "jpeg", "quality": 85}' \
  --output ~/diagrams/my_diagram.jpg

Then load the screenshot with vision_analyze to verify layout quality.

Option B — Chrome CDP (manual Chrome required)

The user must first start Chrome manually with debug port:

/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome \
  --remote-debugging-port=9222 \
  --user-data-dir=/tmp/chrome-screenshot &

Then use the screenshot script:

python ~/work/ai/omnimcp-opencli/scripts/chrome_screenshot.py \
  "https://excalidraw.com/#json=<FILE_ID>,<KEY>" \
  ~/diagrams/my_diagram.jpg

What to Check on the Screenshot

1. Box sizes — all boxes in same row same size? Text fits inside?
2. Color coding — does color map to a consistent meaning across the whole diagram?
3. Arrow crossings — no line crosses through any box or other line
4. Content — all key information visible and readable
5. Arrangement — does layout match the conceptual model (flow left→right, layers stacked)?

If problems found: patch the JSON and re-upload. Iterate until 8+/10.

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Complete Examples

See references/examples.md for copy-pasteable complete diagrams covering:

• Two connected labeled boxes (minimal flowchart)
• Photosynthesis process diagram (multi-node with background zones)
• MCP sequence diagram (actors, dashed lifelines, message arrows)

See references/skill-selection-model.md for the 3-layer skill selection architecture (Hermes/OpenClaw model) — useful when designing skill catalogs or building workflow diagrams about agent behavior.