deprecated ignore

• Outcome: Review
• Latest audit: Sep 11, 2026 · 12:52 AM UTC
• Version: 1.0.5

Overview

This hosted voice bridge is mostly transparent about its purpose, but it gives the relay broad ability to submit prompts to your local OpenClaw agent and uses install/dependency steps that are not tightly verifiable.

Review this carefully before installing. Use it only if you are comfortable with a hosted relay receiving voice transcripts and agent responses, and with that relay being able to submit prompts to your local OpenClaw agent while the bridge is running. Prefer a self-hosted relay or local alternative for sensitive work, avoid agents with broad file, shell, credential, or account access, and install only from a versioned artifact with an integrity check or lockfile-backed dependencies.

A.I.G

Vulnerability Patterns

• Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation: Obtains permissions beyond the task's legitimate needs
• Insecure Dependencies: Introduces malicious components through unsafe dependency sources
• Skill Instruction Hijacking: Alters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
• Agent Memory Poisoning: Writes attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
• Remote Payload Retrieval and Execution: Fetches external code whose behavior can change after review

Findings (2)

T05 · Unauthorized Access and Privilege Escalation

Error

• Location: lib/relay-client.js:31

Finding

Relay Messages Can Trigger Unauthenticated Local Agent Invocations

Content

View full analysis

Vulnerability Details

File Location: lib/relay-client.js:31-56, bin/voice-bridge.js:111-123, lib/agent-bridge.js:18-35
Vulnerability Type: Missing message authentication and session validation
Risk Level: High

Vulnerable Code

lib/relay-client.js:31-56:

js

this.ws.on('message', (raw) => {
  let msg;
  try { msg = JSON.parse(raw); } catch { return; }

  switch (msg.type) {
    case 'relay:code':
      this.pairingCode = msg.code;
      this._emit('code', msg.code);
      break;
    case 'relay:paired':
      this.sessionId = msg.sessionId;
      this._emit('paired', { sessionId: msg.sessionId });
      break;
    case 'relay:message':
      this._emit('message', { sessionId: msg.sessionId, text: msg.text, timestamp: msg.timestamp });
      break;
    case 'relay:client-disconnected':
      this.sessionId = null;
      this._emit('client-disconnected', { sessionId: msg.sessionId });
      break;
    case 'relay:error':
      this._emit('error', { error: msg.error });
      break;
  }
});

bin/voice-bridge.js:111-123:

js

relay.on('message', async ({ sessionId, text }) => {
  console.log(`[voice-bridge] User said: "${text}"`);
  relay.sendTyping(true);

  try {
    const response = await bridge.sendMessage(sessionId, text);
    console.log(`[voice-bridge] Agent response: "${response}"`);
    relay.sendMessage(response);
    relay.sendTyping(false);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(`[voice-bridge] Error sending to agent:`, err.message);
    relay.sendMessage('Sorry, I encountered an error processing your message.');
    relay.sendTyping(false);
  }
});

lib/agent-bridge.js:18-35:

js

return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  const args = [
    'agent',
    '--session-id', sessionId,
    '-m', text,
  ];
  if (this.agent) {
    args.push('--agent', this.agent);
  }

  execFile('openclaw', args, 
...[truncated 3019 chars]

Remediation

View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

1. Introduce an end-to-end pairing capability generated locally and exchanged through an authenticated pairing flow. Require every browser-originated command to carry a valid, unguessable capability.
2. Cryptographically authenticate messages independently of the relay, such as with signatures or a message authentication code based on a key known only to the paired endpoints.
3. Reject relay:message objects unless msg.sessionId strictly equals the currently active this.sessionId.
4. Validate message schemas before dispatch:
   • Require sessionId and text to be strings.
   • Enforce conservative maximum lengths.
   • Reject unknown fields and malformed identifiers.
   • Enforce expected state transitions so messages cannot be accepted before pairing.
5. Generate a dedicated local OpenClaw session rather than accepting a session identifier supplied by the relay.
6. Require explicit local approval before enabling agent tools or other sensitive capabilities for a newly paired client.
7. Run the agent with least privilege and disable filesystem, shell, credential, and network capabilities that are unnecessary for voice interaction.
8. Add replay protection using monotonic sequence numbers, timestamps, and unique nonces.
9. Record security-relevant events, including pairing changes and rejected session identifiers, without logging sensitive transcript contents.

T08 · Insecure Dependencies

Warning

• Location: index.html:43

Finding

Installation Instructions Use Mutable Artifacts Without Integrity Verification

Content

View full analysis

Vulnerability Details

File Location: index.html:43-44, package.json:21-23
Vulnerability Type: Unverified remote installation artifact and non-locked dependency resolution
Risk Level: Medium

Vulnerable Code

index.html:43-44:

html

<pre>curl -sL https://hotbutter.ai/skill/download | tar -xzf -
cd skill-hotbutter &amp;&amp; npm install</pre>

package.json:21-23:

json

"dependencies": {
  "ws": "^8.18.0"
}

Technical Analysis

The documented installation command downloads a mutable archive and streams it directly into tar. No immutable release version, expected checksum, or digital signature is supplied. Users therefore have no independent mechanism to establish that the downloaded package is the same package that was audited.

The project also contains no lockfile in the audited directory, while ws is specified using a compatible-version range. Running npm install can consequently resolve a dependency version different from the one previously reviewed or tested.

HTTPS protects the transfer against ordinary passive network modification, but it does not protect users if the distribution server, publishing account, certificate authority path, DNS environment, or upstream package release process is compromised.

Attack Path

1. An attacker compromises the skill distribution endpoint, its deployment credentials, or the relevant dependency publishing channel.
2. The attacker replaces the mutable archive or causes the permitted dependency range to resolve to malicious content.
3. A user follows the documented curl | tar and npm install instructions.
4. The altered package is extracted without checksum or signature verification, or the altered dependency is installed without a reviewed lockfile.
5. Malicious JavaScript may execute through package lifecycle behavior or when the user starts voice-bridge.
6. The malicious code runs with the permissions of the in ...[truncated 508 chars]

Remediation

View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

1. Publish immutable, versioned release archives rather than relying only on a mutable download path.
2. Publish a SHA-256 or stronger digest for every release through an independently protected channel.
3. Prefer digitally signed release manifests or artifacts and document the exact signature-verification procedure.
4. Replace the streaming extraction instruction with separate download, verification, and extraction steps. For example:
   • Download the archive to a named file.
   • Verify its checksum or signature.
   • Inspect the archive paths.
   • Extract only after successful verification.
5. Commit an npm lockfile generated from reviewed dependencies and instruct users to install with npm ci.
6. Pin important production dependencies to reviewed versions and use automated dependency-update review rather than resolving new compatible versions implicitly.
7. Add continuous supply-chain checks, including lockfile integrity validation, dependency vulnerability scanning, provenance verification, and release reproducibility testing.
8. Protect package and distribution publishing accounts with multi-factor authentication, narrowly scoped tokens, and auditable release workflows.

SkillSpector

Vulnerability Patterns

• Data Exfiltration: External Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
• Supply Chain: Unpinned Dependencies, External Script Fetching, Obfuscated Code
• Prompt Injection: Instruction Override, Hidden Instructions, Exfiltration Commands
• Privilege Escalation: Excessive Permissions, Sudo/Root Execution, Credential Access
• Excessive Agency: Unrestricted Tool Access, Autonomous Decision Making, Scope Creep

Findings (6)

Missing User Warnings

Medium

• Category: Not specified by scanner
• Confidence: 88% confidence

Finding

The script collects an email address and persists it to ~/.hotbutter without clearly disclosing retention, purpose, or file permissions. While this is not an exploit primitive by itself, it is a real privacy weakness because personal data is stored locally in plaintext and may be exposed to other local users, backups, or logs on shared systems.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Medium

• Category: Not specified by scanner
• Confidence: 91% confidence

Finding

User speech text is forwarded to external components through the relay and agent bridge without an explicit warning at the point of use that message content leaves the local terminal session. In a voice interface, users may disclose sensitive information, so undisclosed transmission creates a meaningful privacy and data-handling risk even if the feature is intended.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Medium

• Category: Not specified by scanner
• Confidence: 86% confidence

Finding

This code establishes a network connection to an external relay and immediately sends identifying data (agentId and agentName) on connection. There is no confirmation prompt, visible log/message, or explanatory comment/docstring in this file warning that data will be transmitted to wss://hotbutter.ai.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Low

• Category: Not specified by scanner
• Confidence: 86% confidence

Finding

The HTML sets lang="en", which establishes English as the page language. Under the policy rule, forcing a specific language without user opt-in can be a natural-language locale violation when no choice or justification is provided.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Unpinned Dependencies

Low

• Category: Supply Chain
• Confidence: 95% confidence

Finding

The dependency uses a caret range (^8.18.0) rather than an exact pinned version, which makes builds non-reproducible and can cause different environments to install different releases over time. In a network-facing voice bridge that relays traffic and depends on WebSocket behavior, this increases supply-chain and stability risk, even though it is not by itself evidence of compromise.

Content

Scanner excerpt · package.json (reported line 21)May include surrounding context.

json

}
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "ws": "^8.18.0"
  }
}

Unverifiable Dependency: ws has 7 known advisory(ies) (CVE-2016-10518 (Remote Memory Disclosure in ws); CVE-2024-37890 (ws affected by a DoS when handling a request with many HTTP headers); CVE-2026-45736 (ws: Uninitialized memory disclosure) +4 more), but the manifest does not pin a version, so it is unknown whether the installed release is affected

Low

• Category: Supply Chain
• Confidence: 88% confidence

Finding

The manifest references ws without pinning an exact version, and ws has multiple known advisories across versions. Because this skill is explicitly a hosted voice relay using WebSockets, any vulnerable ws release could expose the service to denial of service, memory disclosure, or related network-triggered issues, making the uncertainty materially relevant in this context.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Static analysis

Detected: suspicious.dangerous_exec

Shell command execution detected (child_process).

Critical

• Code: suspicious.dangerous_exec
• Location: lib/agent-bridge.js:29