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Security audit

Agent Runtime Security

Security checks for vulnerabilities and agentic risk

Overview

The skill is mostly a disclosed OpenClaw security-hardening guide, but it ships a test script containing credential-like values labeled as real keys.

Review before installing. The hardening guidance itself is useful and mostly scoped, but the publisher should remove and rotate the credential-like values in tests/pre-submit-check.sh. Only run the provided commands after confirming they match your OpenClaw workspace, especially cron setup, SOUL.md edits, sudo/GPG installation, and Git history rewrite commands.

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Insecure Skill Coding PracticesFinds exploitable flaws such as hardcoded secrets or command injection
  • Skill Instruction HijackingAlters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
  • Agent Memory PoisoningWrites attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
  • Remote Payload Retrieval and ExecutionFetches external code whose behavior can change after review
  • Embedded Malicious CodeShips malicious scripts inside the skill and executes them locally
Findings (1)

T09 · Insecure Skill Coding Practices

Error
Location
tests/pre-submit-check.sh:16
Finding

Hardcoded Credentials Embedded in Pre-Submission Scanner

Content
View full analysis

Vulnerability Details

File Location: tests/pre-submit-check.sh, lines 16–17
Vulnerability Type: Hardcoded credentials
Risk Level: High

Vulnerable Code

bash
real_keys=$(grep -r "cli_a9f1c3a7c\|diLMNYl2nzbL1nEtQNhjMeQp6rtQdzA7\|DHqybLBGCaINAWscdLkcGDGwn9g\|tbldoED8qoLnkpZC" "$skill_dir" 2>/dev/null | grep -v "Binary file")

Technical Analysis

The pre-submission scanner embeds four literal values that the surrounding script identifies as “real keys.” Although they are used as search patterns intended to detect accidental credential inclusion elsewhere, placing the complete values in the scanner itself discloses them in every copy of the Skill.

No attacker-controlled input is required. Anyone able to download, clone, inspect, or receive the project can extract the values from the shell script. The use of these values as grep patterns does not protect or transform them. Static analysis cannot establish whether they remain active, but their disclosure is concrete regardless of current validity.

Attack Path

  1. An unauthorized party obtains a distributed copy of the Skill or accesses its repository.
  2. The party reads tests/pre-submit-check.sh.
  3. The party extracts the literal credential values from the grep expression.
  4. If one or more credentials remain valid, the party submits them to their corresponding service.
  5. The party gains whatever access the affected credentials authorize.

This path crosses the boundary between secrets intended for their owner or associated services and all recipients of the distributable Skill package.

Impact Assessment

If valid, the exposed credentials could allow unauthorized access to associated service accounts, APIs, or data. The exact privileges and affected services cannot be determined from the audited files. Potential scope is bounded by the permissions assigned to each credential and may include account impersonation, data access or mod ...[truncated 234 chars]

Remediation
View remediation

Remediation Suggestions

  1. Revoke and rotate every embedded value immediately; do not rely solely on deleting the source text.
  2. Remove the literal values from the current file and all repository history, release archives, caches, and published Skill packages.
  3. Replace exact-secret matching with non-sensitive detection methods, such as credential-format patterns, provider-specific prefixes, entropy checks, or hashes that cannot be directly reused for authentication.
  4. For regression tests, use unmistakably synthetic fixtures that cannot authenticate to any service.
  5. Store any necessary private detection indicators outside the repository in a protected secret store and inject them only into trusted CI jobs.
  6. Add automated secret scanning before commits and releases, ensuring that the scanner does not itself contain production credentials.
  7. Review access and audit logs for the affected services to identify unauthorized use since the values were first committed.
Vulnerability Patterns
  • Privilege EscalationExcessive Permissions, Sudo/Root Execution, Credential Access
  • Prompt InjectionInstruction Override, Hidden Instructions, Exfiltration Commands
  • Data ExfiltrationExternal Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
  • Supply ChainUnpinned Dependencies, External Script Fetching, Obfuscated Code
  • Excessive AgencyUnrestricted Tool Access, Autonomous Decision Making, Scope Creep
Findings (102)

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · CHANGELOG.md (reported line 11)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · CHANGELOG.md (reported line 66)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · CHANGELOG.md (reported line 79)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 14)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 16)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 29)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 77)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 78)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 79)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 90)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 109)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 125)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 16)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 76)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 81)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 85)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 104)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 117)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 129)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 148)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 180)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 182)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 187)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 189)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Credential Access

High
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code accesses credential files (SSH keys, AWS credentials, etc.). This could indicate credential theft attempts.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 191)May include surrounding context.

md
- **Initial release** of comprehensive OpenClaw security hardening skill
- **Static Security** (Data Protection)
  - File permissions guide (chmod 600)
  - .env file isolation for sensitive data
  - Git protection via .gitignore
  - Automated security check script
  - Optional GPG encryption guide

Static analysis

Detected: suspicious.prompt_injection_instructions

Prompt-injection style instruction pattern detected.

Warn
Code
suspicious.prompt_injection_instructions
Location
examples/SOUL-config-example.md:5