Agent Desktop

Desktop automation via native OS accessibility trees using the agent-desktop CLI. Use when an AI agent needs to observe, interact with, or automate desktop applications (click buttons, fill forms, navigate menus, read UI state, toggle checkboxes, scroll, drag, type text, take screenshots, manage windows, use clipboard, manage notifications). Covers 58 command names (54 operational; four held-input names fail closed until daemon ownership exists) across observation, interaction, keyboard/mouse, app lifecycle, notifications (macOS), clipboard, wait, session lifecycle, and a skills command that bundles docs straight from the binary. Triggers on: "click button", "fill form", "open app", "read UI", "automate desktop", "accessibility tree", "snapshot app", "type into field", "navigate menu", "toggle checkbox", "take screenshot", "desktop automation", "agent-desktop", or any desktop GUI interaction task. Supports the macOS Phase 1 adapter, with Windows and Linux planned against the same core contracts.

CLI tool enabling AI agents to observe and control desktop applications via native OS accessibility trees.

Core principle: agent-desktop is NOT an AI agent. It is a tool that AI agents invoke. It outputs structured JSON with ref-based element identifiers. The observation-action loop lives in the calling agent.

Installation

bash

npm install -g agent-desktop
# or
bun install -g --trust agent-desktop

Requires macOS 12+ with Accessibility permission granted to your terminal. Screen Recording permission is also required for screenshots.

Reference Files

Detailed documentation is split into focused reference files. Read them as needed:

Reference	Contents
references/commands-observation.md	snapshot, find, get, is, screenshot, list-surfaces — all flags, output examples
references/commands-interaction.md	click, type, set-value, select, toggle, scroll, drag, keyboard, mouse — choosing the right command
references/commands-system.md	launch, close, windows, clipboard, wait, batch, session, status, permissions, version
references/workflows.md	12 common patterns: forms, menus, dialogs, scroll-find, drag-drop, async wait, anti-patterns
references/macos.md	macOS permissions/TCC, AX API internals, smart activation chain, surfaces, Notification Center, troubleshooting

The Observe-Act Loop (Progressive Skeleton Traversal)

Use progressive skeleton traversal as the default approach. It reduces token consumption 78-96% for dense apps by exploring the UI in two phases: a shallow skeleton overview, then targeted drill-downs into regions of interest.

text

1. SKELETON → agent-desktop snapshot --skeleton --app "App" -i --compact
   Parse the overview. Identify the region containing your target.
   Regions show children_count (e.g., "Sidebar" with children_count: 42).
   Named containers at truncation boundary have refs for drill-down.
   Keep the returned snapshot_id.

2. DRILL    → agent-desktop snapshot --root @e3 --snapshot <snapshot_id> -i --compact
   Expand the target region. Now you see its interactive elements.

3. ACT      → agent-desktop click @e12 --snapshot <snapshot_id>  (or type, select, toggle...)

4. VERIFY   → agent-desktop snapshot --root @e3 --snapshot <snapshot_id> -i --compact
   Re-drill the same region to confirm the state change.
   Scoped invalidation: only @e3's subtree refs are replaced.

5. REPEAT   → Continue drilling other regions or acting as needed.

When to skip skeleton and use full snapshot instead:

• Simple apps with few elements (Finder, Calculator, TextEdit)
• You already know the exact element name — use find instead
• Surface snapshots (menus, sheets, alerts) — these are already focused

When skeleton shines:

• Dense Electron apps (Slack, VS Code, Discord, Notion)
• Any app where full snapshot exceeds ~50 refs
• Multi-region workflows (sidebar + main content + toolbar)

Ref System

• Refs are assigned depth-first and emitted with their snapshot, for example @s8f3k2p9:e1, @s8f3k2p9:e2, @s8f3k2p9:e3. Legacy bare refs require an explicit --snapshot.
• An element gets a ref when it is addressable for an action: an interactive role (button, textfield, checkbox, link, menuitem, tab, slider, combobox, treeitem, cell, radiobutton, switch, ...) or any element advertising an action — so scrollarea (Scroll) and disclosure (Expand/Collapse) are ref-able and scroll/expand/collapse can target them
• A SetFocus-only affordance does not earn a ref on its own
• In skeleton mode, named/described containers at truncation boundary also get refs (drill-down targets with empty available_actions)
• Static text and non-actionable groups/containers remain in tree for context but have no ref
• Refs are deterministic within a snapshot but NOT stable across snapshots if UI changed
• Snapshot output uses qualified refs that embed snapshot_id and need no separate --snapshot; a session-owned ref still requires the same --session or AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION scope because lookup never crosses namespaces
• last_refmap.json is only a latest-snapshot inspection artifact. The command path uses snapshot-scoped storage.
• After any action that changes UI, re-drill the affected region or re-snapshot
• Scoped invalidation: re-drilling a qualified root ref only replaces refs from that root's previous drill — refs from other regions and the skeleton itself are preserved
• Strict resolution: stale refs return STALE_REF; duplicate plausible targets return AMBIGUOUS_TARGET instead of choosing arbitrarily.
• Actionability: every ref-addressed action checks its applicable live visibility, stability, enabled, editability, policy, supported-action, and hit-test requirements under one bounded budget before a single dispatch. Pointer actions focus before their final geometry read, re-resolve moving endpoints, and return TIMEOUT with details.kind: "actionability_timeout" instead of sending input after the deadline.
• Headless vs headed: ref actions are strictly headless by default: semantic accessibility APIs only, with no focus stealing, cursor movement, or synthesized keyboard input. In headed mode, core focuses the exact ref window before dispatch; pointer actions also require a verified target point, while the adapter owns OS delivery. On macOS, click, right-click, type, clear, and scroll are physical-first; double/triple-click, hover, and drag are physical-only; expand/collapse and other semantic actions remain semantic. Raw --xy input has no window identity and never steals focus. press is explicit physical keyboard input; held-input commands (key-down, key-up, mouse-down, mouse-up) are reserved and fail closed in the stateless CLI.
• Sessions and tracing: run session start once per agent run to create a manifest with trace: on (default), then pass its returned ID with --session or AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION. Use session start --screenshots when you need replay artifacts (artifacts: full): pre/post-action PNGs and refmap copies under the session trace directory (sensitive — treat exports like screenshots). Commands in that explicit scope record JSONL automatically to per-process segments under ~/.agent-desktop/sessions/<id>/trace/<pid>-<procTs>.jsonl — no --trace on every call. Read traces back with trace show (bounded JSON for agents) or trace export (single-file HTML for humans). A session owns both its trace and its latest-snapshot namespace. Snapshot lookup never searches another namespace. --session <id> alone (no manifest from session start) selects only the snapshot namespace — existing callers see no surprise trace files. --trace <path> still overrides to one atomic file for CI or one-offs. Activation precedence is --session > AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION > no session; session start does not activate later processes. Multi-agent shared sessions: each agent acts on qualified refs from its own snapshot — implicit latest is not a cross-agent guarantee. Run status to see session_id and tracing. Trace lines include ts_ms, monotonic per-process seq, and redacted sensitive fields (text, value, expected, name, username, description, label, query, secret, token, password, title, url, help, placeholder → { "redacted": true }). --trace-strict fails on trace setup and pre-action writes; post-action success traces are best-effort.

JSON Output Contract

Every command returns a JSON envelope on stdout:

Success: { "version": "2.1", "ok": true, "command": "snapshot", "data": { ... } } Error: { "version": "2.1", "ok": false, "command": "click", "error": { "code": "STALE_REF", "message": "...", "suggestion": "..." } }

The error object may also carry an optional details object (e.g. the actionability report on an actionability failure, candidate summaries on AMBIGUOUS_TARGET, or the last observed state on a wait TIMEOUT). Parse errors leniently — details and future fields are additive, so do not reject responses with unknown keys.

An actionability failure on a hit-test action (click, double-click, right-click, triple-click, hover, drag) can carry a receives_events check with reason: "occluded by <role>" plus a structured occluder: { "role", "name", "bounds" } — another element is on top of the target. Bring the target window/element to the front (or dismiss the occluder) rather than blind-retrying; see references/commands-interaction.md for the full check list.

Exit codes: 0 success, 1 structured error, 2 argument error.

Error Codes

Code	Meaning	Recovery
PERM_DENIED	Accessibility or Screen Recording permission not granted	Grant the named permission in System Settings
ELEMENT_NOT_FOUND	Ref cannot be resolved against the live UI	Re-run snapshot, use fresh ref
APP_NOT_FOUND	App not running	Launch it first
ACTION_FAILED	AX action rejected	Try an explicit alternative command
ACTION_NOT_SUPPORTED	Element can't do this	Use different command
STALE_REF	Ref could not be re-identified in the live UI	Use the snapshot_id returned with this ref; if the UI changed or the target disappeared, re-run snapshot / snapshot --skeleton to get fresh refs
AMBIGUOUS_TARGET	Multiple elements matched the old ref identity	Re-run snapshot and choose a more specific ref
SNAPSHOT_NOT_FOUND	Snapshot ID is missing or expired	Run snapshot again and use the returned ID
POLICY_DENIED	A physical/headed path was blocked	Use an explicit mouse/focus/keyboard command if physical interaction is intended
APP_UNRESPONSIVE	A read-only AX liveness probe also failed after an uncertain mutation response	Inspect with a fresh snapshot and wait for the app to recover before deciding whether to retry
WINDOW_NOT_FOUND	No matching window	Check app name, use list-windows
PLATFORM_NOT_SUPPORTED	Adapter method not implemented on this platform	Use a supported platform adapter
TIMEOUT	Wait or actionability condition not met	Inspect error.details.kind; increase the command budget only after checking the last report, and use AGENT_DESKTOP_CHAIN_TIMEOUT_MS only for chain_deadline
INVALID_ARGS	Bad arguments	Check command syntax
NOTIFICATION_NOT_FOUND	Notification index no longer exists	Re-run list-notifications
INTERNAL	Unexpected platform/OS failure (e.g. event synthesis failed)	Read message/suggestion for cleanup state, then retry once; persistent failures indicate an environment problem

TIMEOUT errors carry a details object whose kind field selects the schema. kind: "wait_timeout" includes predicate, timeout_ms, and last_observed or last_error, plus ref/title/text_chars depending on the wait mode. kind: "chain_deadline" includes value_before, value_at_timeout, target, and mutated (increment waits) or wanted_expanded/observed_expanded (disclosure waits). mutated: true — or an unknown observed_expanded state — means re-read the element before retrying; mutated: false means the state did not change and retrying directly is safe.

Command Quick Reference (58 names, 54 operational)

Observation

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agent-desktop snapshot --skeleton --app "App" -i --compact  # Skeleton overview (preferred)
agent-desktop snapshot --root @s8f3k2p9:e3 -i --compact              # Drill into region
agent-desktop snapshot --app "App" -i                       # Full tree (simple apps)
agent-desktop snapshot --app "App" --surface menu -i        # Surface snapshot
agent-desktop screenshot --app "App" out.png                # PNG screenshot
agent-desktop find --app "App" --role button                # Search elements
agent-desktop get @e1 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --property text       # Read element property
agent-desktop is @e1 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --property enabled     # Check element state
agent-desktop list-surfaces --app "App"                     # Available surfaces

Interaction

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agent-desktop click @e5 --snapshot <snapshot_id> # Headless semantic click
agent-desktop --headed double-click @s8f3k2p9:e3 # physical double-click
agent-desktop --headed triple-click @s8f3k2p9:e2 # physical triple-click
agent-desktop right-click @s8f3k2p9:e5          # Right-click; inspect the resulting menu/effect separately
agent-desktop type @e2 --snapshot <snapshot_id> "hello"  # Headless AX text insertion when supported
agent-desktop set-value @s8f3k2p9:e2 "new value"         # Set value directly
agent-desktop clear @s8f3k2p9:e2                         # Clear element value
agent-desktop focus @s8f3k2p9:e2                         # Set keyboard focus
agent-desktop select @s8f3k2p9:e4 "Option B"             # Select dropdown/list option
agent-desktop toggle @s8f3k2p9:e6                        # Toggle checkbox/switch
agent-desktop check @s8f3k2p9:e6                         # Idempotent check
agent-desktop uncheck @s8f3k2p9:e6                       # Idempotent uncheck
agent-desktop expand @s8f3k2p9:e7                        # Expand disclosure
agent-desktop collapse @s8f3k2p9:e7                      # Collapse disclosure
agent-desktop scroll @s8f3k2p9:e1 --direction down       # Scroll element
agent-desktop scroll-to @s8f3k2p9:e8                     # Scroll into view

Keyboard & Mouse

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agent-desktop press cmd+c                       # Key combo
agent-desktop press return --app "App"          # Targeted key press
agent-desktop --headed hover @s8f3k2p9:e5       # Explicit cursor movement
agent-desktop --headed hover --xy 500,300       # Cursor to coordinates
agent-desktop --headed drag --from @s8f3k2p9:e1 --to @s8f3k2p9:e5 # Drag between elements
agent-desktop --headed mouse-click --xy 500,300 # Click at coordinates
agent-desktop --headed mouse-move --xy 100,200  # Move cursor

key-down, key-up, mouse-down, and mouse-up return ACTION_NOT_SUPPORTED until a stateful daemon can own held-input lifetime. Use press, mouse-click, or drag instead.

App & Window

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agent-desktop launch "System Settings"          # Launch and wait
agent-desktop close-app "TextEdit"              # Quit gracefully
agent-desktop close-app "TextEdit" --force      # Force quit; SIGKILL if SIGTERM does not exit
agent-desktop list-windows --app "Finder"       # List windows
agent-desktop list-apps                         # List running GUI apps
agent-desktop focus-window --app "Finder"       # Bring to front
agent-desktop resize-window --app "App" --width 800 --height 600
agent-desktop move-window --app "App" --x 0 --y 0
agent-desktop minimize --app "App"
agent-desktop maximize --app "App"
agent-desktop restore --app "App"

Use --window-id <id> from list-windows instead of --app when an app has multiple windows.

Notifications

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agent-desktop --headed list-notifications                # Open center if needed, then list
agent-desktop --headed list-notifications --app "Slack"  # Filter by app
agent-desktop --headed list-notifications --text "deploy" --limit 5  # Filter by text
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-notification 1 --expected-app Slack --expected-title "Deploy complete"
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-all-notifications         # Dismiss all
agent-desktop --headed dismiss-all-notifications --app "Slack"  # Dismiss all from app
agent-desktop --headed notification-action 1 "Reply" --expected-app Slack --expected-title "Deploy complete"

Every notification mutation requires global --headed; single-notification mutations also require an app or title fingerprint from the same listing. Headless listing works only while Notification Center is already open.

Clipboard

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agent-desktop clipboard-get                     # Read clipboard
agent-desktop clipboard-set "text"              # Write to clipboard
agent-desktop clipboard-clear                   # Clear clipboard

Wait

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agent-desktop wait 1000                         # Pause 1 second
agent-desktop wait --element @e5 --snapshot <snapshot_id> --timeout 5000 # Wait for element
agent-desktop wait --element @s8f3k2p9:e5 --predicate actionable --timeout 5000 # Wait until actionable
agent-desktop wait --element @s8f3k2p9:e5 --predicate value --value "Done" --timeout 5000 # Wait for value
agent-desktop wait --window "Title"             # Wait for window
agent-desktop wait --text "Done" --app "App"    # Wait for text
agent-desktop wait --menu --app "App"           # Wait for menu surface
agent-desktop wait --menu-closed --app "App"    # Wait for menu dismissal
agent-desktop wait --notification --app "App"   # Wait for new notification

System

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agent-desktop session start [--name LABEL] [--screenshots] [--no-trace]  # Creates a session; pass the returned ID explicitly
agent-desktop session end [id]                                      # Seal manifest
agent-desktop session list                                          # List session manifests
agent-desktop session gc [--older-than SECS] [--ended]              # Reclaim ended/stale sessions
agent-desktop trace show [--limit N] [--event PREFIX]               # Merge trace segments (default tail 500; 0 = all)
agent-desktop trace export [--out path.html] [--limit N]            # Self-contained HTML viewer (default tail 5000)
agent-desktop status                            # Health, session_id, tracing, artifacts, permissions
agent-desktop permissions                       # Check permission
agent-desktop permissions --request             # Request missing permissions in an isolated helper
agent-desktop version                           # Version info (always JSON envelope)
agent-desktop batch '[...]' --stop-on-error     # Batch uses the same typed command path as CLI
agent-desktop skills                            # List bundled skill docs
agent-desktop skills get desktop --full         # Load this skill + all references

Key Principles for Agents

1. Skeleton first, drill second. Start with --skeleton -i --compact for dense apps. Drill into regions with --root @ref. Full snapshot only for simple apps.
2. Use -i --compact flags. Filters to interactive elements and collapses empty wrappers, minimizing tokens.
3. Refs are snapshot-scoped. Keep snapshot_id for deterministic multi-step use; re-drill the affected region after any UI-changing action. Scoped invalidation keeps other refs intact.
4. Prefer refs over coordinates. click @s8f3k2p9:e5 > agent-desktop --headed mouse-click --xy 500,300.
5. Use wait for async UI. After launch/dialog triggers, wait for expected state.
6. Check permissions first. Run permissions on first use; screenshots also need Screen Recording.
7. Handle errors. Branch on error.code only — error.message and error.suggestion text is informational and may change between versions.
8. Use find for targeted searches. Faster than any snapshot when you know role/name.
9. Use surfaces for overlays. snapshot --surface menu for menus, --surface sheet for dialogs. Never --skeleton for surfaces — they're already focused.
10. Batch for performance. Multiple commands in one invocation.
11. Headless by default. Ref actions use semantic AX paths and block silent focus stealing, cursor movement, keyboard synthesis, and pasteboard insertion. Use --headed only when exact-window focus or physical delivery is intended; raw coordinates never imply focus.
12. Start a session once per run. session start creates the manifest; pass its returned ID through AGENT_DESKTOP_SESSION for the run or --session <id> for one command. It does not activate later processes implicitly.
13. Trace hard failures. With an active trace-enabled session, segments are written automatically. Add --trace /tmp/agent-desktop.jsonl only when you need a single override file (CI, one-offs). Check status when unsure whether tracing is active.