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Security audit

Learning Optimizer

Security checks for vulnerabilities and agentic risk

Overview

This skill is a disclosed local study-planning helper that stores narrow learning logs locally and does not show evidence of exfiltration or hidden behavior.

Before installing, be aware that study schedules, subjects, problems, and allocation inputs are saved locally by default. Use LEARNING_OPTIMIZER_HOME to isolate the data on shared machines, and delete the local JSONL files manually when they are no longer needed.

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Skill Instruction HijackingAlters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
  • Agent Memory PoisoningWrites attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
  • Remote Payload Retrieval and ExecutionFetches external code whose behavior can change after review
  • Embedded Malicious CodeShips malicious scripts inside the skill and executes them locally
  • Unauthorized Access and Privilege EscalationObtains permissions beyond the task's legitimate needs
Vulnerability Patterns
  • Prompt InjectionInstruction Override, Hidden Instructions, Exfiltration Commands
  • Data ExfiltrationExternal Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
  • Excessive AgencyUnrestricted Tool Access, Autonomous Decision Making, Scope Creep
  • Behavioral ASTexec() Call, eval() Call, Dynamic Import
  • MCP Least PrivilegeUnderdeclared Capability, Wildcard Permission, Missing Permission Declaration
Findings (10)

Env Variable Harvesting

High
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Code enumerates, copies, or searches environment variables for secrets. Bulk environment access can collect credentials unrelated to the skill's stated purpose.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/verify.py (reported line 39)May include surrounding context.

python
def main():
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
        env = os.environ.copy()
        env["LEARNING_OPTIMIZER_HOME"] = str(Path(tmp) / "learning-data")

        print("[verify] analyze")

Undeclared Tool Scope

Medium
Category
MCP Least Privilege
Confidence
88% confidence
Finding

The skill exposes capabilities consistent with environment access, file read/write, and shell execution, but the manifest does not declare any tool scope or permission boundaries. This creates an unsafe trust gap: users and hosting platforms cannot easily tell what the skill may access, increasing the chance of over-privileged execution and unintended local data exposure or command execution.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
89% confidence
Finding

The usage examples and environment variable example consistently require Chinese text inputs such as "每天2小时", "数学,英语", and "容易分心", with no indication that other languages are supported or that the Chinese locale is optional. This creates a natural-language policy concern because the skill appears to impose a specific language on users without opt-in or documented justification.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Autonomous Decision Making

Medium
Category
Excessive Agency
Confidence
75% confidence
Finding

Skill enables autonomous high-impact decisions without human-in-the-loop verification. Critical operations (destructive commands, financial transactions, data deletion) should require explicit user confirmation.

Content

Scanner excerpt · prompts/system_prompt.txt (reported line 18)May include surrounding context.

text
Never:
- Guarantee performance improvement
- Impose one-size-fits-all solutions
- Collect external data without consent
- Make unrealistic promises

Always:

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
96% confidence
Finding

This code embeds user-facing labels and guidance entirely in Chinese, and later commands print Chinese-only status messages and recommendations. That forces a specific language/locale on all users without offering any opt-in or alternative, which matches the language/locale policy violation criteria.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

subprocess module call

Medium
Category
Dangerous Code Execution
Confidence
70% confidence
Finding

subprocess module calls execute external commands. Without careful input validation, this enables command injection.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/verify.py (reported line 19)May include surrounding context.

python
def run(args, env):
    result = subprocess.run(
        [sys.executable, str(MAIN), *args],
        cwd=ROOT,
        env=env,

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
95% confidence
Finding

The verification logic uses Chinese command arguments such as "每天2小时" and asserts Chinese output strings like "学习模式分析". This effectively enforces a specific language/locale in the skill behavior without any visible opt-in or justification, which matches the language/locale policy violation criteria.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Natural-Language Policy Violations

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
94% confidence
Finding

The manifest sets "language": "zh", which indicates a fixed language/locale choice. Under the policy, forcing a specific language is a violation unless the skill offers user choice or clearly documents a justified region-specific constraint, neither of which appears here.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Description-Behavior Mismatch

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
94% confidence
Finding

The skill writes user-provided study schedules, subjects, problems, and optimization data to local JSONL files, even though its stated purpose is analysis and suggestions. This creates an unnecessary persistence of potentially sensitive behavioral data and increases privacy risk if other local users, tools, or later processes can access the files.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Description-Behavior Mismatch

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
88% confidence
Finding

The data command reveals the local storage directory and expected log filenames, which is outside the core learning-optimization function. While it does not directly dump contents, it exposes internal storage layout and makes discovery of persisted user data easier for anyone with command access.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.