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Security audit

Last.fm (OpenClaw)

Security checks for vulnerabilities and agentic risk

Overview

This Last.fm skill is mostly coherent, but it can change your Last.fm account and handles long-lived write credentials in a locally exposed way.

Install only if you are comfortable giving the skill your Last.fm API key and, for love/unlove, a long-lived session key and API secret. Prefer read-only use unless you need write actions, and avoid using write credentials on shared or heavily monitored machines because the current script may expose them through local process arguments.

A.I.G

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Insecure Skill Coding PracticesFinds exploitable flaws such as hardcoded secrets or command injection
  • Skill Instruction HijackingAlters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
  • Agent Memory PoisoningWrites attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
  • Remote Payload Retrieval and ExecutionFetches external code whose behavior can change after review
  • Embedded Malicious CodeShips malicious scripts inside the skill and executes them locally
Findings (1)

T09 · Insecure Skill Coding Practices

Warning
Location
scripts/lastfm-api.sh:92
Finding

Sensitive Last.fm credentials exposed through command-line arguments

Content
View full analysis
Remediation
View remediation

SkillSpector

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Data ExfiltrationExternal Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
  • Privilege EscalationExcessive Permissions, Sudo/Root Execution, Credential Access
  • Tool MisuseTool Parameter Abuse, Chaining Abuse, Unsafe Defaults
  • Rogue AgentSelf-Modification, Session Persistence
  • MCP Least PrivilegeUnderdeclared Capability, Wildcard Permission, Missing Permission Declaration
Findings (11)

Chaining Abuse

High
Category
Tool Misuse
Confidence
75% confidence
Finding

Tool calls are chained to bypass individual safety checks or escalate capabilities beyond what any single tool call would allow.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 26)May include surrounding context.

Install on Ubuntu/Debian:

text
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y jq curl

1. Get a Last.fm API Key

Sudo/Root Execution

Medium
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
70% confidence
Finding

Commands invoke sudo or root privileges. Verify this elevated access is necessary and justified.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 26)May include surrounding context.

Install on Ubuntu/Debian:

text
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y jq curl

1. Get a Last.fm API Key

Session Persistence

Medium
Category
Rogue Agent
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Skill establishes unauthorized persistence across sessions via cron jobs, startup scripts, or state files. Session persistence allows an attacker to maintain access beyond the current interaction.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 31)May include surrounding context.

md
### 1. Get a Last.fm API Key

1. Visit https://www.last.fm/api/account/create
2. Fill in the application details:
   - **Name**: Your preferred name (e.g., "OpenClaw Integration")
   - **Description**: "Personal OpenClaw skill for Last.fm"

Session Persistence

Medium
Category
Rogue Agent
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Skill establishes unauthorized persistence across sessions via cron jobs, startup scripts, or state files. Session persistence allows an attacker to maintain access beyond the current interaction.

Content

Scanner excerpt · README.md (reported line 177)May include surrounding context.

md
env: {
          LASTFM_API_KEY: "required",
          LASTFM_USERNAME: "required",
          LASTFM_SESSION_KEY: "optional, for write ops",
          LASTFM_API_SECRET: "optional, for write ops"
        }
      }

Undeclared Tool Scope

Medium
Category
MCP Least Privilege
Confidence
92% confidence
Finding

The skill explicitly describes use of shell utilities (curl, jq) and outbound network access, but it does not declare any tool scope such as allowed tools or permissions. That creates an unnecessary trust gap: an agent or runtime may permit broader shell/network capability than the skill actually needs, increasing the blast radius if the skill is misused or later modified.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Session Persistence

Medium
Category
Rogue Agent
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Skill establishes unauthorized persistence across sessions via cron jobs, startup scripts, or state files. Session persistence allows an attacker to maintain access beyond the current interaction.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 190)May include surrounding context.

Setup Instructions

  1. Get a Last.fm API key at https://www.last.fm/api/account/create
  2. Add to ~/.openclaw/openclaw.json:
json5

Session Persistence

Medium
Category
Rogue Agent
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Skill establishes unauthorized persistence across sessions via cron jobs, startup scripts, or state files. Session persistence allows an attacker to maintain access beyond the current interaction.

Content

Scanner excerpt · references/auth-guide.md (reported line 17)May include surrounding context.

md
| Desktop Auth | Write operations (local app) | API key + secret |
| Web Auth | Write operations (web app) | API key + secret + callback URL |

This skill uses **Desktop Auth** for write operations.

---

External Transmission

Medium
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
70% confidence
Finding

Data is being sent to an external URL. This could be legitimate telemetry or data exfiltration. Manual review is recommended.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/lastfm-api.sh (reported line 102)May include surrounding context.

sh
url+="&${param}"
    done
    
    curl -s "$url"
}

make_write_request() {

Missing User Warnings

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
90% confidence
Finding

The love and unlove commands perform authenticated POST requests that modify the user's Last.fm data, but the execution path contains no confirmation prompt and no explicit user-facing warning at the point of action. Although the usage text notes that a session key is required, it does not clearly warn that these commands will immediately change account state when invoked.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
89% confidence
Finding

The skill supports state-changing operations (love and unlove) against the user's Last.fm account but does not present a prominent warning or confirmation requirement before describing those actions. This can lead to unintended account modifications, especially in agentic contexts where commands may be inferred or executed with limited user awareness.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Missing User Warnings

Low
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
84% confidence
Finding

This markdown file describes track.love and track.unlove, which change a user's Last.fm account state, but it does not include any warning that these are write operations affecting user data. Under the markdown-file criteria for missing user warnings, destructive or data-affecting behaviors should be explicitly disclosed.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

Static analysis

No suspicious patterns detected.