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Security audit

substack-research

Security checks for vulnerabilities and agentic risk

Overview

This is a scoped Substack research helper that uses a Crawlora API key to fetch public Substack data and shows no hidden persistence, mutation, or privilege escalation.

Install only if you are comfortable sending your Crawlora API key and Substack research queries to Crawlora. Treat returned writer activity, follower, following, and subscriber-preview data as public but privacy-sensitive, and keep searches bounded to the user's request.

Vulnerability Patterns
  • Skill Instruction HijackingAlters the agent's session goals or safety constraints when the skill loads
  • Agent Memory PoisoningWrites attacker-controlled rules into memory that affect later sessions
  • Remote Payload Retrieval and ExecutionFetches external code whose behavior can change after review
  • Embedded Malicious CodeShips malicious scripts inside the skill and executes them locally
  • Unauthorized Access and Privilege EscalationObtains permissions beyond the task's legitimate needs
Vulnerability Patterns
  • Data ExfiltrationExternal Transmission, Env Variable Harvesting, File System Enumeration
  • Privilege EscalationExcessive Permissions, Sudo/Root Execution, Credential Access
  • MCP Least PrivilegeUnderdeclared Capability, Wildcard Permission, Missing Permission Declaration
  • MCP Tool PoisoningHidden Instructions, Unicode Deception, Parameter Description Injection
  • Prompt InjectionInstruction Override, Hidden Instructions, Exfiltration Commands
Findings (7)

Undeclared Tool Scope

Medium
Category
MCP Least Privilege
Confidence
92% confidence
Finding

The skill invokes shell-based capability via scripts/crawlora.sh but does not declare any explicit tool scope such as allowed-tools or permissions. That creates an under-constrained execution model where an agent may be permitted broader shell access than intended, increasing the chance of command misuse, unsafe composition with user input, or execution beyond the documented API workflow.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

External Transmission

Medium
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
83% confidence
Finding

The skill instructs the agent to transmit an API key in an x-api-key header to an external service, which is an external data transmission path. While contacting a third-party API is expected for this skill, it still creates risk because secrets and potentially user-derived query data leave the local environment and depend on the trustworthiness, transport security, and handling practices of the external provider.

Content

Scanner excerpt · SKILL.md (reported line 12)May include surrounding context.

md
Set `CRAWLORA_API_KEY` to your Crawlora key. Prefer the named Crawlora MCP tools
when connected; otherwise use the bundled `scripts/crawlora.sh`, which sends
`x-api-key` to `https://api.crawlora.net/api/v1`. Read
[reference/endpoints.md](reference/endpoints.md) for exact tool names, methods,
and parameters. Check application `code` as well as HTTP status; payloads are
inside `data`. Stop on authentication errors, back off on `429`, and retry a

Description-Behavior Mismatch

Medium
Category
Not specified by scanner
Confidence
82% confidence
Finding

The manifest describes research on publications, writers, public posts, recommendations, categories, and Notes, which supports content discovery and archive inspection. This file also documents endpoints for enumerating a user's followers/following/subscribers and mixed activity feed, which extends into social-graph and engagement surveillance capabilities not clearly stated in the manifest description.

Content

No source excerpt is available for this finding.

External Transmission

Medium
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Data is being sent to an external URL. This could be legitimate telemetry or data exfiltration. Manual review is recommended.

Content

Scanner excerpt · reference/endpoints.md (reported line 7)May include surrounding context.

md
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Crawlora REST helper — minimal, dependency-free (curl only).
# Calls https://api.crawlora.net/api/v1 with your Crawlora API key.
# Get a free key (2,000 credits/mo, no card) at https://crawlora.net?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=crawlora-skills.
#
# Usage:

External Transmission

Medium
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Data is being sent to an external URL. This could be legitimate telemetry or data exfiltration. Manual review is recommended.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/crawlora.sh (reported line 3)May include surrounding context.

sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Crawlora REST helper — minimal, dependency-free (curl only).
# Calls https://api.crawlora.net/api/v1 with your Crawlora API key.
# Get a free key (2,000 credits/mo, no card) at https://crawlora.net?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=crawlora-skills.
#
# Usage:

External Transmission

Medium
Category
Data Exfiltration
Confidence
60% confidence
Finding

Data is being sent to an external URL. This could be legitimate telemetry or data exfiltration. Manual review is recommended.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/crawlora.sh (reported line 20)May include surrounding context.

sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Crawlora REST helper — minimal, dependency-free (curl only).
# Calls https://api.crawlora.net/api/v1 with your Crawlora API key.
# Get a free key (2,000 credits/mo, no card) at https://crawlora.net?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=crawlora-skills.
#
# Usage:

Sudo/Root Execution

Medium
Category
Privilege Escalation
Confidence
80% confidence
Finding

Commands invoke sudo or root privileges. Verify this elevated access is necessary and justified.

Content

Scanner excerpt · scripts/crawlora.sh (reported line 101)May include surrounding context.

sh
# config supplies the header and is removed automatically on exit.
umask 077
curl_config="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/crawlora-curl.XXXXXX")"
chmod 600 "$curl_config"
trap 'rm -f "$curl_config"' EXIT
printf 'header = "x-api-key: %s"\n' "$CRAWLORA_API_KEY" >"$curl_config"
auth=(--config "$curl_config")

Static analysis

No suspicious patterns detected.