Google Service Accounts

Read or write a user's Google Sheets, Docs, Drive, or Calendar from code via a Google service account — headless, no OAuth browser flow. Use when handed a credentials.json or CREDS_JSON, or when the user wants to set one up (including walking them through the free signup, which needs only a basic Google account).

A service account is a Google account for a script: it has an email, logs in with a key file, and reaches any Doc / Sheet / Drive file / Calendar that's been shared with its email — exactly like sharing with a coworker. No browser consent, no human clicking "Allow," no token to refresh.

1. Do you already have a key?

Look for credentials.json in the working directory, or a CREDS_JSON env var holding the JSON. The service account's address is the client_email field inside it ([e-mail]). If you have it, skip to 3.

2. No key yet — walk the human through setup

Tell them plainly: this is free and needs nothing but a basic Google account. A personal gmail.com works — no credit card, no billing account. Creating the project, the service account, and the key all cost nothing, and the Sheets / Docs / Drive / Calendar APIs are free within generous daily quotas. The setup is one-time and takes a few minutes.

If they have the gcloud CLI, hand them this to run:

gcloud auth login
PROJECT="agent-bot-$(date +%s)"
gcloud projects create "$PROJECT"
gcloud config set project "$PROJECT"
gcloud services enable sheets.googleapis.com drive.googleapis.com \
  docs.googleapis.com calendar-json.googleapis.com
gcloud iam service-accounts create agent-bot --display-name="Agent Bot"
SA="agent-bot@${PROJECT}.iam.gserviceaccount.com"
gcloud iam service-accounts keys create credentials.json --iam-account="$SA"
echo "Now share your file/calendar with: $SA"

No CLI? Point them at the console walkthrough in README.md ("Click through the console") — about 20 clicks, still free. Either path ends the same: a credentials.json file and a client_email.

3. The one rule: share the file

The service account starts with access to nothing. For every file you need to touch, the human must open it → Share → paste the client_email → Editor (or Viewer for read-only) → Send. For a calendar: its settings → Share with specific people.

If you get SpreadsheetNotFound or 403 PERMISSION_DENIED, it's almost never a code bug — the file isn't shared. Tell the human exactly which file and which client_email so they fix it in one click. Don't retry blindly.

4. Use the key

Runnable examples live in quickstart.py (python quickstart.py sheets|docs|calendar). The core patterns:

Sheets (via gspread, the friendly wrapper — its default scopes include drive, so open() by name works):

import gspread
gc = gspread.service_account(filename="credentials.json")
sh = gc.open("My Spreadsheet")                 # only works because it's shared with the SA
sh.sheet1.update(values=[["hello", "from a robot"]])
sh.sheet1.append_row(["logged", "by agent"])   # the most common agent move

Any other API (Docs, Calendar, Drive, …) via google-api-python-client — one credentials object drives all of them; only the scope list changes:

from google.oauth2 import service_account
from googleapiclient.discovery import build

creds = service_account.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
    "credentials.json", scopes=["https://www.googleapis.com/auth/documents"])
docs = build("docs", "v1", credentials=creds)

In a container or CI, load the key from an env var instead of a file:

import os, json, gspread
gc = gspread.service_account_from_dict(json.loads(os.environ["CREDS_JSON"]))

5. Boundaries — don't route around these

• Request the least scope you need; add .readonly unless you're writing. Read a document before you edit it.
• A service account cannot read the human's private Gmail, personal Calendar, or whole Drive — only what's explicitly shared with it. That data needs the human's own OAuth browser consent; don't try to substitute the service account for it.
• Calendar: a shared calendar's id is its owner's email (calendarId="primary" is the robot's own empty calendar), and a service account cannot add attendees to an event — Google rejects it with forbiddenForServiceAccounts. Create/edit/delete events freely; never try to send invites.
• The service account's email is an identity, not a mailbox — mail sent to it bounces. It can't sign up for services or receive confirmation links.
• Treat credentials.json as a password: anyone holding it is the service account. Never commit it or paste it anywhere shared.

See README.md for the full explainer — why this beats standing up your own OAuth app, the free-tier details, scope reference, and troubleshooting.