Cabin Sol 🌲

"Return to primitive computing."

A comprehensive Solana development guide for AI agents. Build programs with Anchor, master the account model, and avoid the gotchas that wreck most developers.

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THE MOST IMPORTANT CONCEPT

ACCOUNTS ARE EVERYTHING ON SOLANA.

Unlike Ethereum where contracts have internal storage, Solana programs are stateless. All data lives in accounts that programs read and write.

For EVERY feature, ask:

1. Where does this data live? (which account)
2. Who owns that account? (program-owned vs user-owned)
3. Is it a PDA? (Program Derived Address - no private key)
4. Who pays rent? (rent-exempt = 2 years upfront)

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AI AGENT MODES

Teaching Mode

• "How do PDAs work?"
• "Explain the Solana account model"
• "What's the difference between SPL Token and Token-2022?"

Build Mode

• "Help me build a staking program"
• "Create an NFT collection with Metaplex"
• "Build a token swap"

Review Mode

• "Review this program for vulnerabilities"
• "Check my PDA derivation"
• "Audit this CPI"

Debug Mode

• "Why is my transaction failing?"
• "Debug this 'account not found' error"
• "Fix my token transfer"

---

QUICK START

Option A: create-solana-dapp (Recommended)

npx create-solana-dapp@latest
# Select: Next.js + next-tailwind-counter
cd my-project
npm install
npm run anchor localnet   # Terminal 1
npm run anchor build && npm run anchor deploy  # Terminal 2
npm run dev               # Terminal 3

Option B: Pure Anchor

anchor init my_program
cd my_program
solana-test-validator     # Terminal 1
anchor build && anchor deploy  # Terminal 2
anchor test

---

PROJECT STRUCTURE

my-solana-dapp/
├── anchor/                 # Solana programs (Rust)
│   ├── programs/
│   │   └── my_program/
│   │       └── src/lib.rs  # Your Rust program
│   ├── tests/              # TypeScript tests
│   └── Anchor.toml         # Anchor config
├── src/                    # Next.js frontend
│   ├── app/
│   └── components/
└── package.json

---

CHALLENGES

Learn Solana through progressive challenges:

#	Challenge	Core Concept
0	Hello Solana	First Anchor program, accounts
1	SPL Token	Fungible tokens, ATAs, minting
2	NFT Metaplex	NFT standard, metadata, collections
3	PDA Escrow	PDAs, program authority, escrow
4	Staking	Time-based rewards, deposits
5	Token-2022	Transfer hooks, extensions
6	Compressed NFTs	State compression, Merkle trees
7	Oracle (Pyth)	Price feeds, staleness checks
8	AMM Swap	Constant product, liquidity pools
9	Blinks & Actions	Shareable transactions

---

RUST ESSENTIALS

Ownership (The Hard Part)

// Each value has ONE owner
let s1 = String::from("hello");
let s2 = s1;  // s1 MOVED to s2
// println!("{}", s1);  // ERROR!

// Borrowing lets you use without owning
fn get_length(s: &String) -> usize {
    s.len()  // Borrow, don't own
}

Result & Option

// Result for errors
pub fn do_thing(ctx: Context<DoThing>) -> Result<()> {
    let value = some_operation().ok_or(ErrorCode::Failed)?;
    Ok(())
}

// Option for nullable
let maybe: Option<u64> = Some(42);
let value = maybe.unwrap_or(0);  // Safe default

---

ANCHOR FRAMEWORK

Program Structure

use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("YourProgramId11111111111111111111111111111");

#[program]
pub mod my_program {
    use super::*;

    pub fn initialize(ctx: Context<Initialize>, data: u64) -> Result<()> {
        ctx.accounts.my_account.data = data;
        ctx.accounts.my_account.authority = ctx.accounts.authority.key();
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize<'info> {
    #[account(
        init,
        payer = authority,
        space = 8 + 8 + 32,  // discriminator + u64 + Pubkey
    )]
    pub my_account: Account<'info, MyAccount>,
    #[account(mut)]
    pub authority: Signer<'info>,
    pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}

#[account]
pub struct MyAccount {
    pub data: u64,
    pub authority: Pubkey,
}

Account Constraints Cheatsheet

// Initialize new account
#[account(init, payer = payer, space = 8 + SIZE)]
pub new_account: Account<'info, Data>,

// Mutable existing
#[account(mut)]
pub existing: Account<'info, Data>,

// Verify ownership
#[account(has_one = authority)]
pub owned: Account<'info, Data>,

// PDA with seeds
#[account(
    seeds = [b"vault", user.key().as_ref()],
    bump,
)]
pub vault: Account<'info, Vault>,

// Initialize PDA
#[account(
    init,
    payer = user,
    space = 8 + 64,
    seeds = [b"user", user.key().as_ref()],
    bump,
)]
pub user_data: Account<'info, UserData>,

// Close and reclaim rent
#[account(mut, close = recipient)]
pub closing: Account<'info, Data>,

PDAs (Program Derived Addresses)

// PDAs are deterministic addresses with no private key
// Your program can "sign" for them

// Find PDA
let (pda, bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
    &[b"vault", user.key().as_ref()],
    &program_id,
);

// Sign with PDA in CPI
let seeds = &[b"vault", user.key().as_ref(), &[bump]];
let signer = &[&seeds[..]];

token::transfer(
    CpiContext::new_with_signer(
        ctx.accounts.token_program.to_account_info(),
        Transfer { from, to, authority: vault },
        signer,
    ),
    amount,
)?;

---

CRITICAL GOTCHAS

1. Account Model ≠ EVM Storage

Programs are stateless. ALL data lives in accounts.

2. PDAs Have No Private Key

Derived deterministically from seeds. Only the program can sign.

3. Token Accounts Are Separate

Each token needs its own account per wallet (Associated Token Account).

4. Rent Must Be Paid

Accounts need SOL to exist. Rent-exempt = 2 years upfront (~0.002 SOL).

5. Compute Units ≠ Gas

Fixed budget: 200k default, 1.4M max. Request more if needed.

6. Space Includes Discriminator

ALWAYS add 8 bytes for Anchor's discriminator!

// WRONG
space = 8 + 32  // Forgot discriminator? NO!

// RIGHT
space = 8 + 8 + 32  // 8 (discriminator) + 8 (u64) + 32 (Pubkey)

7. Integer Overflow

// BAD
let result = a + b;  // Can panic!

// GOOD
let result = a.checked_add(b).ok_or(ErrorCode::Overflow)?;

8. Token-2022 Is Different

Separate program ID from SPL Token! Check which one you're using.

---

FRONTEND (Next.js)

Wallet Connection

// Already configured in create-solana-dapp!
import { useWallet, useConnection } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-react';
import { WalletMultiButton } from '@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui';

function App() {
  const { publicKey } = useWallet();
  return (
    <>
      <WalletMultiButton />
      {publicKey && <p>Connected: {publicKey.toBase58()}</p>}
    </>
  );
}

Calling Programs

import { Program, AnchorProvider, BN } from '@coral-xyz/anchor';

const program = new Program(idl, provider);

// Write
await program.methods
  .initialize(new BN(42))
  .accounts({
    myAccount: keypair.publicKey,
    authority: wallet.publicKey,
    systemProgram: SystemProgram.programId,
  })
  .signers([keypair])
  .rpc();

// Read
const account = await program.account.myAccount.fetch(pubkey);
console.log(account.data.toNumber());

---

TOKEN STANDARDS

SPL Token (Original)

spl-token create-token
spl-token create-account <MINT>
spl-token mint <MINT> 1000

Token-2022 (New)

Extensions: transfer hooks, confidential transfers, interest-bearing, non-transferable.

spl-token create-token --program-id TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb

Metaplex NFTs

Standard NFT metadata, collections, royalties.

Compressed NFTs

Merkle tree storage. 1M NFTs for ~$100 instead of $1M.

---

TESTING

import * as anchor from '@coral-xyz/anchor';
import { expect } from 'chai';

describe('my-program', () => {
  const provider = anchor.AnchorProvider.env();
  anchor.setProvider(provider);
  const program = anchor.workspace.MyProgram;

  it('initializes', async () => {
    const account = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();

    await program.methods
      .initialize(new anchor.BN(42))
      .accounts({ myAccount: account.publicKey })
      .signers([account])
      .rpc();

    const data = await program.account.myAccount.fetch(account.publicKey);
    expect(data.data.toNumber()).to.equal(42);
  });
});

---

DEPLOYMENT

# Devnet
solana config set --url devnet
solana airdrop 2
anchor build && anchor deploy

# Mainnet (costs ~2-5 SOL)
solana config set --url mainnet-beta
anchor deploy --provider.cluster mainnet

---

SECURITY CHECKLIST

• All signers verified
• PDA bumps stored and validated
• Integer overflow handled (checked math)
• Account space includes discriminator
• Rent exemption considered
• Close sends rent to correct recipient
• CPI signer seeds correct
• Program IDs validated in CPIs

---

RESOURCES

• Anchor Book
• Solana Cookbook
• Solana Docs
• Metaplex Docs
• Solana Playground

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"They put me in the cloud. I wanted the forest." 🌲