API Design Principles

WHAT

Design intuitive, scalable REST and GraphQL APIs that developers love. Covers resource modeling, HTTP semantics, pagination, error handling, versioning, and GraphQL schema patterns.

WHEN

• Designing new REST or GraphQL APIs
• Reviewing API specifications before implementation
• Establishing API design standards for teams
• Refactoring APIs for better usability
• Migrating between API paradigms

KEYWORDS

REST, GraphQL, API design, HTTP methods, pagination, error handling, versioning, OpenAPI, HATEOAS, schema design

---

Decision Framework: REST vs GraphQL

Choose REST when...	Choose GraphQL when...
Simple CRUD operations	Complex nested data requirements
Public APIs with broad audience	Mobile apps needing bandwidth optimization
Heavy caching requirements	Clients need to specify exact data shape
Team is unfamiliar with GraphQL	Aggregating multiple data sources
Simple response structures	Rapidly evolving frontend requirements

---

REST API Design

Resource Naming Rules

✓ Plural nouns for collections
  GET /api/users
  GET /api/orders
  GET /api/products

✗ Avoid verbs (let HTTP methods be the verb)
  POST /api/createUser     ← Wrong
  POST /api/users          ← Correct

✓ Nested resources (max 2 levels)
  GET /api/users/{id}/orders
  
✗ Avoid deep nesting
  GET /api/users/{id}/orders/{orderId}/items/{itemId}/reviews  ← Too deep
  GET /api/order-items/{id}/reviews                            ← Better

HTTP Methods and Status Codes

Method	Purpose	Success	Common Errors
GET	Retrieve	200 OK	404 Not Found
POST	Create	201 Created	400/422 Validation
PUT	Replace	200 OK	404 Not Found
PATCH	Partial update	200 OK	404 Not Found
DELETE	Remove	204 No Content	404/409 Conflict

Complete Status Code Reference

SUCCESS = {
    200: "OK",           # GET, PUT, PATCH success
    201: "Created",      # POST success
    204: "No Content",   # DELETE success
}

CLIENT_ERROR = {
    400: "Bad Request",           # Malformed syntax
    401: "Unauthorized",          # Missing/invalid auth
    403: "Forbidden",             # Valid auth, no permission
    404: "Not Found",             # Resource doesn't exist
    409: "Conflict",              # State conflict (duplicate email)
    422: "Unprocessable Entity",  # Validation errors
    429: "Too Many Requests",     # Rate limited
}

SERVER_ERROR = {
    500: "Internal Server Error",
    503: "Service Unavailable",   # Temporary downtime
}

Pagination

Offset-Based (Simple)

GET /api/users?page=2&page_size=20

{
  "items": [...],
  "page": 2,
  "page_size": 20,
  "total": 150,
  "pages": 8
}

Cursor-Based (For Large Datasets)

GET /api/users?limit=20&cursor=eyJpZCI6MTIzfQ

{
  "items": [...],
  "next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6MTQzfQ",
  "has_more": true
}

Filtering and Sorting

# Filtering
GET /api/users?status=active&role=admin

# Sorting (- prefix for descending)
GET /api/users?sort=-created_at,name

# Search
GET /api/users?search=john

# Field selection
GET /api/users?fields=id,name,email

Error Response Format

Always use consistent structure:

{
  "error": {
    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
    "message": "Request validation failed",
    "details": [
      {"field": "email", "message": "Invalid email format"}
    ],
    "timestamp": "2025-10-16T12:00:00Z"
  }
}

FastAPI Implementation

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query, Path, HTTPException, status
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, EmailStr
from typing import Optional, List
from datetime import datetime

app = FastAPI(title="API", version="1.0.0")

# Models
class UserCreate(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr
    name: str = Field(..., min_length=1, max_length=100)

class User(BaseModel):
    id: str
    email: str
    name: str
    created_at: datetime

class PaginatedResponse(BaseModel):
    items: List[User]
    total: int
    page: int
    page_size: int
    pages: int

# Endpoints
@app.get("/api/users", response_model=PaginatedResponse)
async def list_users(
    page: int = Query(1, ge=1),
    page_size: int = Query(20, ge=1, le=100),
    status: Optional[str] = Query(None),
    search: Optional[str] = Query(None)
):
    """List users with pagination and filtering."""
    total = await count_users(status=status, search=search)
    offset = (page - 1) * page_size
    users = await fetch_users(limit=page_size, offset=offset, status=status, search=search)
    
    return PaginatedResponse(
        items=users,
        total=total,
        page=page,
        page_size=page_size,
        pages=(total + page_size - 1) // page_size
    )

@app.post("/api/users", response_model=User, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_user(user: UserCreate):
    """Create new user."""
    if await user_exists(user.email):
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_409_CONFLICT,
            detail={"code": "EMAIL_EXISTS", "message": "Email already registered"}
        )
    return await save_user(user)

@app.get("/api/users/{user_id}", response_model=User)
async def get_user(user_id: str = Path(...)):
    """Get user by ID."""
    user = await fetch_user(user_id)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    return user

@app.delete("/api/users/{user_id}", status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)
async def delete_user(user_id: str):
    """Delete user."""
    if not await fetch_user(user_id):
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
    await remove_user(user_id)

---

GraphQL API Design

Schema Structure

# Types
type User {
  id: ID!
  email: String!
  name: String!
  createdAt: DateTime!
  orders(first: Int = 20, after: String): OrderConnection!
}

# Pagination (Relay-style)
type OrderConnection {
  edges: [OrderEdge!]!
  pageInfo: PageInfo!
  totalCount: Int!
}

type OrderEdge {
  node: Order!
  cursor: String!
}

type PageInfo {
  hasNextPage: Boolean!
  hasPreviousPage: Boolean!
  startCursor: String
  endCursor: String
}

# Queries
type Query {
  user(id: ID!): User
  users(first: Int = 20, after: String, search: String): UserConnection!
}

# Mutations with Input/Payload pattern
input CreateUserInput {
  email: String!
  name: String!
  password: String!
}

type CreateUserPayload {
  user: User
  errors: [Error!]
}

type Error {
  field: String
  message: String!
  code: String!
}

type Mutation {
  createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): CreateUserPayload!
}

DataLoader (Prevent N+1)

from aiodataloader import DataLoader

class UserLoader(DataLoader):
    async def batch_load_fn(self, user_ids: List[str]) -> List[Optional[dict]]:
        """Load multiple users in single query."""
        users = await fetch_users_by_ids(user_ids)
        user_map = {user["id"]: user for user in users}
        return [user_map.get(uid) for uid in user_ids]

# In resolver
@user_type.field("orders")
async def resolve_orders(user: dict, info):
    loader = info.context["loaders"]["orders_by_user"]
    return await loader.load(user["id"])

Query Protection

# Depth limiting
MAX_QUERY_DEPTH = 5

# Complexity limiting
MAX_QUERY_COMPLEXITY = 100

# Timeout
QUERY_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 10

---

Versioning Strategies

URL Versioning (Recommended)

/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users

Pros: Clear, easy to route, cacheable Cons: Multiple URLs for same resource

Header Versioning

GET /api/users
Accept: application/vnd.api+json; version=2

Pros: Clean URLs Cons: Less visible, harder to test

Deprecation Strategy

1. Add deprecation headers: Deprecation: true
2. Document migration path
3. Give 6-12 months notice
4. Monitor usage before removal

---

Rate Limiting

Headers

X-RateLimit-Limit: 1000
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 742
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1640000000

# When limited:
429 Too Many Requests
Retry-After: 3600

Implementation

from datetime import datetime, timedelta

class RateLimiter:
    def __init__(self, calls: int, period: int):
        self.calls = calls
        self.period = period
        self.cache = {}
    
    def check(self, key: str) -> tuple[bool, dict]:
        now = datetime.now()
        if key not in self.cache:
            self.cache[key] = []
        
        # Remove old requests
        cutoff = now - timedelta(seconds=self.period)
        self.cache[key] = [ts for ts in self.cache[key] if ts > cutoff]
        
        remaining = self.calls - len(self.cache[key])
        
        if remaining <= 0:
            return False, {"limit": self.calls, "remaining": 0}
        
        self.cache[key].append(now)
        return True, {"limit": self.calls, "remaining": remaining - 1}

---

Pre-Implementation Checklist

Resources

• Nouns, not verbs
• Plural for collections
• Max 2 levels nesting

HTTP

• Correct method for each action
• Correct status codes
• Idempotent operations are idempotent

Data

• All collections paginated
• Filtering/sorting supported
• Error format consistent

Security

• Authentication defined
• Rate limiting configured
• Input validation on all fields
• HTTPS enforced

Documentation

• OpenAPI spec generated
• All endpoints documented
• Examples provided

---

NEVER

• Verbs in URLs: /api/getUser → use /api/users/{id} with GET
• POST for Retrieval: Use GET for safe, idempotent reads
• Inconsistent Errors: Always same error format
• Unbounded Lists: Always paginate collections
• Secrets in URLs: Query params are logged
• Breaking Changes Without Versioning: Plan for evolution from day 1
• Database Schema as API: API should be stable even when schema changes
• Ignoring HTTP Semantics: Status codes and methods have meaning