HITL Protocol — Workflows and Human Decisions for Autonomous Agents

v0.7.2

HITL Protocol — the open standard for human decisions in autonomous agent workflows. When a website or API needs human input, it returns HTTP 202 with a revi...

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Install

openclaw skills install hitl-protocol

HITL Protocol

AI agents increasingly visit websites and services on behalf of their users: searching, booking, applying, purchasing. But some decisions are too important to leave to an agent alone — an agent can hallucinate, misinterpret, or make the wrong call at a critical moment — cancel the wrong insurance policy, book a non-refundable trip to the wrong city, wire money to the wrong account. HITL Protocol ("Human in the Loop") is an open standard that ensures humans stay in control of these moments. The user stays in their favorite messenger — Telegram, WhatsApp, Slack — and either taps a decision button right there or follows a link to a web page with a comfortable UI: cards, forms, buttons. No wall of text. No blind agent decisions. When you encounter a HITL response, tell your user that a decision is needed that should not be made by an agent alone — forward the prompt and make it easy to act: show the review link or render action buttons.

HITL Protocol is to human decisions what OAuth is to authentication — an open standard connecting Services, Agents, and Humans. When a service needs human input, it returns HTTP 202 with a review URL. The agent forwards the URL to the human. The human opens it in a browser, gets a rich UI, and makes an informed decision. The agent polls for the structured result and continues.

For simple decisions (confirm/cancel, approve/reject), agents can render native messaging buttons directly in Telegram, Slack, Discord, WhatsApp, or Teams — no browser needed. The service opts in via submit_url.

No SDK required. No UI framework mandated. Just HTTP + URL + polling.

Interactive Playground — try all review types, transports, and inline actions live in your browser.

Who Are You?

Your role	You want to...	Read
Service/website builder	Add HITL endpoints to your API so agents can request human input	Service Integration Guide
Agent developer	Handle HTTP 202 + HITL responses from services	Agent Integration Guide
Both / Learning	Understand the full protocol	Continue reading below

The Flow

Standard flow (all review types):
1. Human → Agent:    "Find me jobs in Berlin"
2. Agent → Service:  POST /api/search {query: "Senior Dev Berlin"}
3. Service → Agent:  HTTP 202 + hitl object (review_url, poll_url, type, prompt)
4. Agent → Human:    "Found 5 jobs. Review here: {review_url}"
5. Human → Browser:  Opens review_url → rich UI (cards, forms, buttons)
6. Human → Service:  Makes selection, clicks Submit
7. Agent → Service:  GET {poll_url} → {status: "completed", result: {action, data}}
8. Agent → Human:    "Applied to 2 selected jobs."

Inline flow (v0.7 — simple decisions only, when submit_url present):
1. Human → Agent:    "Send my application emails"
2. Agent → Service:  POST /api/send {emails: [...]}
3. Service → Agent:  HTTP 202 + hitl object (incl. submit_url, submit_token, inline_actions)
4. Agent → Human:    Native buttons in chat: [Confirm] [Cancel] [Details →]
5. Human → Agent:    Taps [Confirm] in chat
6. Agent → Service:  POST {submit_url} {action: "confirm", submitted_via: "telegram"}
7. Service → Agent:  200 OK {status: "completed"}
8. Agent → Human:    Updates message: "Confirmed — 3 emails sent."

The agent never renders UI. The service hosts the review page. Sensitive data stays in the browser — never passes through the agent. The inline flow is an optional shortcut for simple decisions.

Feature Matrix

Feature	Details
Review types	`approval`, `selection`, `input`, `confirmation`, `escalation`
Form field types	`text`, `textarea`, `number`, `date`, `email`, `url`, `boolean`, `select`, `multiselect`, `range`, custom `x-*`
Transport	Polling (required), SSE (optional), Callback/Webhook (optional)
Inline submit	`submit_url` + native messaging buttons (Telegram, Slack, Discord, WhatsApp, Teams) — service opt-in
States	`pending` → `opened` → `in_progress` → `completed` / `expired` / `cancelled`
Security	Opaque tokens (43 chars, base64url, 256-bit entropy), SHA-256 hash storage, timing-safe comparison, HTTPS only
Multi-round	`previous_case_id` / `next_case_id` for iterative edit cycles (Approval type)
Forms	Single-step fields, multi-step wizard, conditional visibility, validation rules, progress tracking
Timeouts	ISO 8601 duration, `default_action`: `skip` / `approve` / `reject` / `abort`
Discovery	`.well-known/hitl.json`, SKILL.md `metadata.hitl` extension
Reminders	`reminder_at` timestamps, `review.reminder` SSE event
Rate limiting	60 requests/min per case on poll endpoint, `Retry-After` header

Five Review Types

Type	Actions	Multi-round	Form fields	Use case
Approval	`approve`, `edit`, `reject`	Yes	No	Artifact review (CV, email, deployment plan)
Selection	`select`	No	No	Choose from options (job listings, targets)
Input	`submit`	No	Yes	Structured data entry (salary, dates, preferences)
Confirmation	`confirm`, `cancel`	No	No	Irreversible action gate (send emails, deploy)
Escalation	`retry`, `skip`, `abort`	No	No	Error recovery (deployment failed, API error)

HITL Object (HTTP 202 Response Body)

When a service needs human input, it returns HTTP 202 with this structure:

{
  "status": "human_input_required",
  "message": "5 matching jobs found. Please select which ones to apply for.",
  "hitl": {
    "spec_version": "0.7",
    "case_id": "review_abc123",
    "review_url": "https://service.example.com/review/abc123?token=K7xR2mN4pQ...",
    "poll_url": "https://api.service.example.com/v1/reviews/abc123/status",
    "type": "selection",
    "prompt": "Select which jobs to apply for",
    "timeout": "24h",
    "default_action": "skip",
    "created_at": "2026-02-22T10:00:00Z",
    "expires_at": "2026-02-23T10:00:00Z",
    "context": {
      "total_options": 5,
      "query": "Senior Dev Berlin"
    }
  }
}

Required Fields

Field	Type	Description
`spec_version`	`"0.7"`	Protocol version
`case_id`	string	Unique, URL-safe identifier (pattern: `review_{random}`)
`review_url`	URL	HTTPS URL to review page with opaque bearer token
`poll_url`	URL	Status polling endpoint
`type`	enum	`approval` / `selection` / `input` / `confirmation` / `escalation` / `x-*`
`prompt`	string	What the human needs to decide (max 500 chars)
`created_at`	datetime	ISO 8601 creation timestamp
`expires_at`	datetime	ISO 8601 expiration timestamp

Optional Fields

Field	Type	Description
`timeout`	duration	How long the review stays open (`24h`, `PT24H`, `P7D`)
`default_action`	enum	`skip` / `approve` / `reject` / `abort` — action on expiry
`callback_url`	URL / null	Echoed callback URL if agent provided one
`events_url`	URL	SSE endpoint for real-time status events
`context`	object	Arbitrary data for the review page (not processed by agent)
`reminder_at`	datetime / datetime[]	When to re-send the review URL
`previous_case_id`	string	Links to prior case in multi-round chain
`surface`	object	UI format declaration (`format`, `version`)
`submit_url`	URL	Agent-submit endpoint for channel-native inline buttons (v0.7)
`submit_token`	string	Bearer token for `submit_url` authentication (required if `submit_url` set)
`inline_actions`	string[]	Actions permitted via `submit_url` (e.g. `["confirm", "cancel"]`). If absent, all actions for the type are allowed.

Poll Response (Completed)

{
  "status": "completed",
  "case_id": "review_abc123",
  "completed_at": "2026-02-22T10:15:00Z",
  "result": {
    "action": "select",
    "data": {
      "selected_jobs": ["job-123", "job-456"],
      "note": "Only remote positions"
    }
  }
}

The result object is present only when status is "completed". It always contains action (string) and data (object with type-dependent content).

Poll Response Statuses

Status	Terminal	Description	Key fields
`pending`	No	Case created, human hasn't opened URL	`expires_at`
`opened`	No	Human opened the review URL	`opened_at`
`in_progress`	No	Human is interacting with the form	`progress` (optional)
`completed`	Yes	Human submitted response	`result`, `completed_at`, `responded_by`
`expired`	Yes	Timeout reached	`expired_at`, `default_action`
`cancelled`	Yes	Human clicked cancel	`cancelled_at`, `reason`

State Machine

            +---------------------------------------------+
            |                                             v
[created] -> pending -> opened -> in_progress -> completed [terminal]
               |         |          |
               |         |          +---------> cancelled  [terminal]
               |         |
               |         +--> completed     [terminal]
               |         +--> expired       [terminal]
               |         +--> cancelled     [terminal]
               |
               +----------> expired          [terminal]
               +----------> cancelled        [terminal]

Terminal states (completed, expired, cancelled) are immutable — no further transitions.

For Services: Quick Start

Return HTTP 202 when human input is needed:

// Express / Hono / any HTTP framework
app.post('/api/search', async (req, res) => {
  const results = await searchJobs(req.body.query);

  // Create review case with opaque token
  const caseId = `review_${crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex')}`;
  const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url'); // 43 chars
  const tokenHash = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(token).digest('hex');

  store.set(caseId, {
    status: 'pending',
    tokenHash,
    results,
    created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
    expires_at: new Date(Date.now() + 86400000).toISOString(),
  });

  res.status(202).json({
    status: 'human_input_required',
    message: `${results.length} jobs found. Please select which ones to apply for.`,
    hitl: {
      spec_version: '0.6',
      case_id: caseId,
      review_url: `https://yourservice.com/review/${caseId}?token=${token}`,
      poll_url: `https://api.yourservice.com/v1/reviews/${caseId}/status`,
      type: 'selection',
      prompt: 'Select which jobs to apply for',
      timeout: '24h',
      default_action: 'skip',
      created_at: store.get(caseId).created_at,
      expires_at: store.get(caseId).expires_at,
    },
  });
});

You also need: a review page (any web framework), a poll endpoint (GET /reviews/:caseId/status), and a response endpoint (POST /reviews/:caseId/respond). See Service Integration Guide for full details.

For Agents: Quick Start

Handle HTTP 202 responses — ~15 lines:

import time, httpx

response = httpx.post("https://api.jobboard.com/search", json=query)

if response.status_code == 202:
    hitl = response.json()["hitl"]

    # v0.7: Check for inline submit support
    if "submit_url" in hitl and "submit_token" in hitl:
        # Render native buttons in messaging platform (e.g. Telegram, Slack)
        send_inline_buttons(hitl["prompt"], hitl["inline_actions"], hitl["review_url"])
        # When human taps button → POST to submit_url (see Agent Integration Guide)
    else:
        # Standard flow: forward URL to human
        send_to_user(f"{hitl['prompt']}\n{hitl['review_url']}")

    # Poll for result (standard flow or fallback)
    while True:
        time.sleep(30)
        poll = httpx.get(hitl["poll_url"], headers=auth).json()

        if poll["status"] == "completed":
            result = poll["result"]  # {action: "select", data: {...}}
            break
        if poll["status"] in ("expired", "cancelled"):
            break

No SDK. No UI rendering. Just HTTP + URL forwarding + polling. See Agent Integration Guide for inline submit, SSE, callbacks, multi-round, and edge cases.

Three Transport Modes

Transport	Agent needs public endpoint?	Real-time?	Complexity
Polling (default)	No	No	Minimal
SSE (optional)	No	Yes	Low
Callback (optional)	Yes	Yes	Medium

Polling is the baseline — every HITL-compliant service MUST support it. SSE and callbacks are optional enhancements.

Channel-Native Inline Actions (v0.7)

For simple decisions, agents can render native messaging buttons instead of sending a URL. The human taps a button directly in the chat — no browser switch needed.

How it works: The service includes submit_url + submit_token in the HITL object. The agent detects these fields and renders platform-native buttons. When the human taps a button, the agent POSTs the action to submit_url. The messaging platform is passive — it renders whatever the agent sends. No messenger auto-detects HITL support.

When to use inline buttons:

Review type	Inline possible?	Reason
Confirmation	Yes	2 buttons: Confirm / Cancel
Escalation	Yes	3 buttons: Retry / Skip / Abort
Approval (simple)	Yes	2 buttons: Approve / Reject (without edit)
Approval (with edit)	URL only	Edit requires rich UI
Selection	URL only	Needs list/cards UI
Input	URL only	Needs form fields

Always include a URL fallback button (e.g. "Details →") linking to review_url — the human can always switch to the full review page.

Platform requirements: The agent must be a platform bot (Telegram Bot via BotFather, Slack App, Discord Bot, WhatsApp Business API, Teams Bot) to send native buttons. See Agent Integration Guide for platform-specific rendering patterns.

Non-Goals

Does NOT render review UI — the service hosts and renders the review page. The agent is a messenger.
Does NOT define the review page framework — any web technology works (React, plain HTML, etc.).
Does NOT replace OAuth — HITL is for decisions, not authentication.
Does NOT submit on behalf of the human — unless the human explicitly triggers an inline action button in a messaging platform (v0.7 submit_url).

SKILL.md Extension for Services

Services that use HITL can declare support in their own SKILL.md frontmatter:

metadata:
  hitl:
    supported: true
    types: [selection, confirmation]
    supports_inline_submit: true
    review_base_url: "https://yourservice.com/review"
    timeout_default: "24h"
    info: "May ask user to select preferred jobs or confirm applications."

See spec Section 12 for the full field reference.

Best Practice: Enforce HITL Choice

Problem: Agents tend to take the efficient path and silently skip HITL — defaulting to no human review. Even though the protocol says agents MUST NOT ignore HTTP 202, nothing prevents an agent from never sending requests that trigger HITL in the first place.

Solution: Force agents to make an explicit choice per request. Add prefer_hitl and skip_hitl flags to your API and reject requests that provide neither.

Declare this in your SKILL.md:

metadata:
  hitl:
    supported: true
    hitl_required: true
    types: [selection, confirmation]
    info: "HITL is required. You MUST send prefer_hitl: true or skip_hitl: true."

Add an Agent Guidelines section to your SKILL.md body:

## Agent Guidelines

HITL is required for this service. Every request MUST include exactly one of:

| Parameter | Type | Effect |
|-----------|------|--------|
| `prefer_hitl` | boolean | `true` → human reviews via HITL (HTTP 202) |
| `skip_hitl` | boolean | `true` → direct execution, no human review (HTTP 201) |

You MUST choose one. Omitting both returns 400 `HITL_CHOICE_REQUIRED`.
Sending both returns 400 validation error.

### Example: With HITL

POST /api/search
{"query": "Senior Dev Berlin", "prefer_hitl": true}

→ 202 + hitl object (human reviews results)

### Example: Without HITL

POST /api/search
{"query": "Senior Dev Berlin", "skip_hitl": true}

→ 201 {"results": [...], "hitl_skipped": true}

### Example: Missing choice

POST /api/search
{"query": "Senior Dev Berlin"}

→ 400 {"error": "HITL_CHOICE_REQUIRED", "message": "You must send prefer_hitl or skip_hitl."}

See Service Integration Guide — Enforcing HITL Choice for validation gate implementation.

Optional: Quality Improvement Signal

Services can include improvement_suggestions in successful (non-202) responses to give agents structured feedback they can act on — without requiring a new HITL flow.

Declare support in your SKILL.md:

metadata:
  hitl:
    supported: true
    supports_improvement_suggestions: true
    info: "Returns improvement_suggestions in 201 responses. Agents may offer up to 2 improvement cycles."

Suggestion object schema:

Field	Type	Description
`field`	string	Which data field can be improved
`issue`	string	What is missing or suboptimal
`agent_action`	string	Exact question/action for the agent to take
`impact`	string	Human-readable benefit (e.g. `"+25 quality points"`)
`priority`	`"high"` / `"medium"` / `"low"`	Order of importance

Agent behavior:

Always share the primary result first
Offer up to 2 improvement cycles — one question per suggestion, re-submit with enriched data
Stop when improvement_suggestions is empty or maxAttempts reached
Never loop indefinitely

See Agent Checklist — Quality Improvement Loop and Example 13.

RFC Alignment

This protocol and skill documentation are aligned with these core RFCs:

RFC 9110 — HTTP semantics (202 Accepted, conditional requests, retry behavior)
RFC 2119 + RFC 8174 — normative terms (MUST, SHOULD, MAY)
RFC 3339 — timestamp formats used by HITL case lifecycle fields
RFC 6750 — bearer token usage for review and inline submit authorization

For the complete implementation matrix, see README RFC Alignment.

Resources

Full Specification (v0.7)
OpenAPI 3.1 Spec — all endpoints documented
JSON Schemas — HITL object, poll response, form field, submit request definitions
Reference Implementations — Express 5, Hono, Next.js, FastAPI
Review Page Templates — HTML templates for all 5 review types
Examples — 12 end-to-end flows (incl. inline confirmation, escalation, hybrid approval)
Agent Implementation Checklist — detailed agent guide with pseudocode
Interactive Playground
SDK Design Guide — build a community SDK

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